COMPUTER HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY

forex trading platform

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forex training video

2011-08-18T04:17:00.001-07:00

forex hardware training

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forex hardware chartsheet

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forex hardware chart sheet

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forex

forex hardware logo

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forex hardware technology

2011-08-18T04:10:00.000-07:00

is it your favourite...

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my favourite laptop

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do you love this laptop

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series1....1...

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series 1 laptop

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see the variety of key board

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is it laptop ...

2011-07-28T09:56:00.001-07:00

core i7 laptop

2011-07-28T09:51:00.000-07:00

just see it ... and try to achieve it.....

its really amazing lab

2011-07-26T09:07:00.000-07:00

just see it.....

amd fusion technology

2011-07-26T09:06:00.000-07:00

network pc

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computer of new age core i7

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hardwar pics

2011-07-26T08:53:00.000-07:00

is facebook suitable for the hardware

2011-07-26T08:51:00.000-07:00

my dear fellows.....
please tell me that is it possible that you please come on my blog and tell me your views about my work which is shown on my blog and if someone will give me permission to see his blog or site then ill give them a surprise....

this is 3g

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3g pics

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3g with pics

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3G

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3G is an ITU specification for the third generation (analog cellular was the first generation, digital PCS the second) of mobile communications technology. 3G promises increased bandwidth, up to 384 Kbps when a device is stationary or moving at pedestrian speed, 128 Kbps in a car, and 2 Mbps in fixed applications. 3G will work over wireless air interfaces such as GSM, TDMA, and CDMA. The new EDGE air interface has been developed specifically to meet the bandwidth needs of 3G.

new life of computer

2011-05-31T04:59:00.000-07:00

my dear fellows actually new technology of processor has been launched ... this is called core2duo and quad

facebook tricks

2011-05-20T23:12:00.000-07:00

blue toothe device

2011-04-15T04:34:00.000-07:00

blue tooth headset man

2011-04-15T04:32:00.000-07:00

mp4

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mp4 watch

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mp3

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mp3 bike

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ipod touch review

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ipod touch

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core2duo vs intel pentium

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core2duo

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socket of pinless processor

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pinless processor

2011-04-15T04:16:00.001-07:00

HackingTutorails How to Hack Some One Elses Computer.

2011-02-08T22:04:00.000-08:00

How to hack any PC with only an IP (no file dropping needed)

2011-02-08T21:58:00.000-08:00

How To Control Others Computer - HACKED BY MRHACKER3000

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Computer Tips And Tricks 2- Turn Off Computer Icon

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How to turn off other peoples computer from yours

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Hacking Tip- Trace IP addresses to a location

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How to control someone else_s computer! (NOT HACKING!)

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How to shutdown your friends computer

2011-02-08T21:32:00.000-08:00

ipv4 to ipv6 is going to change now

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its going to change at 6th June 2011. ready my dears...

NEW COURSES ARE COMING SOON.....

2011-02-01T21:37:00.000-08:00

MY DEARS COMING SOON ILL INTRODUCE SOME NEW COURSES ABOUT WEB DESIGNING AND NETWORKING SO IF YOU NEED IT CONTACT ME.......

STORES

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Stores

If you need hardware or software fast and can’t wait for mail-order dealers to ship, go to the local computer stores that advertise in the business section of your local newspaper.

To encourage a store to give you a discount, mention low prices from competitors and agree to buy many items at once. Say that if you don’t get a discount, you’ll shop elsewhere. Many stores do price-matching: they’ll match the price of any other local store, though not the prices of mail-order dealers. Some stores let salespeople give 10% discounts, which are subtracted from the salesperson’s commission.

IBM and Apple give educational discounts to schools, teachers, and some college students. To find out whether you can get educational discounts, ask your school’s administrators and your town’s computer stores.

For low prices, visit a chain of huge superstores called Comp USA.

It began in Dallas in 1984, when it was called Soft Warehouse and sold software by mail-order. It opened its first retail store in 1985. It opened a bigger store — a superstore — in 1988. In 1991 it changed its name to Comp USA, because it was also selling computer hardware. It became a big chain of superstores.

In 1996, it bought a mail-order company called PCs Compleat. In 1996, it bought a competing chain of superstores, called Computer City, which had been secretly owned by Tandy’s Radio Shack.

Now Comp USA is a chain of about 200 superstores in 42 states. For example, its New York City store is at 420 5^th Ave., 212-764-6224.

To find the Comp USA store nearest you, phone 800-Comp-USA. Phone day or night, 24 hours, and use that number to order computer goodies or a free catalog.

For software and Hewlett-Packard printers, Comp USA charges less than most other stores and mail-order dealers. For other printers and accessories, Comp USA’s prices aren’t as aggressive: you’ll pay less at a competing superstore chain called Staples (which sells computers and also general office supplies). But Comp USA offers a greater variety of computer products than Staples, and Comp USA’s salespeople are more knowledgeable and helpful.

Unfortunately, Comp USA handles repairs slowly (you must wait about a week), and Comp USA’s prices for most hardware are slightly above other discounters. To get an IBM clone cheaply, buy elsewhere. But Comp USA is the only big chain of stores where you can still buy a Mac.

Another computer-superstore chain is Micro Center.

It has 18 superstores (in Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, Georgia, Illinois, Minnesota, Kansas, Colorado, Texas, and California).

It’s the most pleasant place to browse, since the staff is friendly and the selection is huge: the typical Micro Center store contains 45,000 square feet displaying 36,000 products. A gigantic room is devoted to books, a gigantic room is devoted to Macs, a gigantic room is devoted to I/O devices (such as printers and scanners), etc. To find the store nearest you, phone 800-743-7537.

Micro Center’s salespeople are usually more knowledgeable than Comp USA’s and make customers happier.

In cities where chains compete against each other, Comp USA lowers prices to undercut competitors.

Comp USA puts up signs comparing prices and showing how much you save by shopping at Comp USA instead of Micro Center. But Micro Center still has the lowest prices on certain items, especially blank disks, computer magazines, and old editions of books.

In California’s Silicon Valley, visit a chain of superstores called Fry’s Electronics, which has been a local favorite for many years. In New York City, visit a superstore called J&R Computer World, which is near Wall Street (15 Park Row, New York City NY 10038, 800-221-8180 or 212-238-9000).

Bagel boys

Three discount dealers in New York City are called the bagel boys because most of their employees resemble me: Jewish men who enjoy eating bagels. (Yum!) Many of their employees are Hassidic Jews, an ultra-traditional sect who wear black suits, black coats, black hats, and beards. For the Jewish Sabbath, they close on Friday afternoon, stay shut on Saturday, and reopen on Sunday.

Those dealers sold cameras and other photography equipment, then started selling computer hardware also, plus a little software. They offer especially low prices on printers, monitors, modems, and notebook computers.

Here’s how to reach them:

S&W Computers & Electronics, 31 W. 21st St. 800-874-1235 212-463-8330

Tri State Computer, 650 6th Ave. (at 20th St.) 800-433-5199 212-633-2530

Harmony Computers, 1801 Flatbush Ave. Br’klyn800-441-1144 718-692-3232

Those three stores accept both walk-ins and mail-order. They’ve all advertised in Computer Shopper and The New York Times, though lately they’ve reduced their advertising.

Since they offer rock-bottom prices and deliver fast, I often buy there. But they have these drawbacks:

Their tech-support staffs are too small. You’ll get faster repairs elsewhere.

They often buy overstocked items from other dealers and resell them; but since those items have changed hands, the manufacturer’s “limited warranty” on those items is no longer valid.

Though reputable now, their past was murky. In 1994, the biggest software company (Microsoft) sued Harmony for distributing software improperly. During the 1980’s, Tri State advertised printers at low prices but honored those prices just if you overpaid for the printer’s cable. Most of those companies removed supplies & programs from the boxes of printers & computers they sold and charged extra to put the goodies back in.

Computer shows

Another way to find low prices is at a computer show. The lowest prices are at small shows called flea markets or swap meets.

Many vendors at shows offer discounts, especially during the show’s last three hours. When you buy at a show, jot down the vendor’s name, address, and phone number, in case the goods don’t work.

Beware: many vendors at those shows are like gypsies, traveling from show to show and hard to reach if you have a complaint. Many sell computers containing illegal copies of software that was never paid for and whose instruction manuals are missing. Make sure any software you buy comes with an official instruction manual (published by the company that invented the software), not just a book from a bookstore.

Used computers

Instead of buying a new computer, you can save money by getting a used one.

The oldest source of used microcomputers is The Boston Computer Exchange (BoCoEx or BCE), begun in 1982; phone 800-262-6399 or 617-625-7722. Another used-computer broker is Atlanta’s American Computer Exchange (AmCoEx) at 800-786-0717 or 404-250-0050.

Purchasing Advice

Use your credit card

Pay by credit card rather than a check. If you pay by credit card and have an unresolved complaint about what you bought, Federal laws say that the credit-card company can’t bill you! Moreover, if the mail-order company takes your money, spends it, and then goes bankrupt before shipping your goods, the credit-card company gets stuck, not you!

The nicest credit cards (such as Citibank’s) double the manufacturer’s warranty, so a “one-year warranty” becomes a two-year warranty! Does your credit card give you that warranty extension? Ask your bank!

What’s missing?

When buying computer equipment, find out what the advertised price does not include.

For example, the advertised price for a “complete computer system” might not include the screen. Ask! In a typical printer ad, the price does not include the cable that goes from the printer to your computer.

Read the fine print

When reading an ad, make sure you read the fine print at the bottom of the ad. It contains many disclaimers, which admit that the deal isn’t quite as good as the rest of the ad implies.

Asterisk In the middle of an ad, next to an exciting price or feature or warranty, you’ll often see an asterisk (*). The asterisk means: “for details, read the fine print at the bottom of the ad”. That fine print contains disclaimers that will disappoint you. In long multi-page ads, the fine print is often buried at the bottom of just one of the ad’s pages, far away from the page where the asterisk appeared, in the hope that you won’t notice the fine print.

So if you see what looks like a great deal, but the deal has an asterisk next to it, the asterisk means “the deal is not really as great as we imply”.

Fine-print phrases In many computer ads, the fine print contains these phrases.…

“Monitor optional” means this price does not include a monitor. The monitor costs extra, even though the ad shows a photo of a computer with a monitor.

“Upgrade price” means you get this price just if you already own an older version of this stuff.

“With system purchase” means you get this price just if you’re stupid enough to also buy an overpriced full computer system at the same time.

“Reflects cash discount” means you get this price just if you’re stupid enough to pay cash instead of using a credit card. (By paying cash, you can’t complain to a credit-card company if you get ripped you off.) If you use a credit card, the seller will charge you about 3% above the advertised price.

“Includes rebate” means you must pay more, then request a rebate from the manufacturer. (You’ll probably never get that rebate, since you’ll forget to ask for the rebate form, or you’ll forget to mail the rebate form to the manufacturer, or the rebate form will have already expired, or you’ll lose the receipt or code number you must mail with the rebate form to get the rebate, or you can’t mail the receipt because you already used it to apply for a rebate on a second item you bought simultaneously, or the manufacturer loses your paperwork or is a jerk who waits many months to send the rebate or goes bankrupt.)

“Manufacturer’s warranty” means that if the stuff breaks, don’t ask the seller for help. Phone the original manufacturer instead (who’ll probably ignore you).

“Factory serviced” means another customer bought this stuff, didn’t like it, and returned it to the factory, which examined it and thinks it’s good enough to resell (after jiggling it a bit), so now you’re getting stuck with this lemon.

“For in-stock items” means that although the seller promised to ship immediately, the seller won’t if you order stuff that’s not yet in the warehouse.

“25% restocking fee” means that if you return the stuff, you won’t get your money back. Instead, the seller will keep 25% of your money (as a restocking fee) and return just 75% to you.

WHY BUY A COMPUTER

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Why buy a computer?

The average American has three goals: to make money, have fun, and “become a better person”. Making money is called business; having fun is called pleasure; and becoming a better person is called personal development. The computer will help you do all three: it’ll improve your business, increase your pleasure, and help you grow into a better person.

Nowadays, computers are bought by men, women, and children of all ages.

The traditional computer buyer’s a male who comes out at noon:

During lunch hour, he walks into a computer store, says he wants to computerize his business, and buys a computer, especially when the salesperson reminds him that the IRS gives a tax break for buying it since it’s a “business expense”.

He brings it home but feels guilty about having spent so much. How will he convince his wife that the purchase was wise?

Suppose his wife’s an old-fashioned mom who cooks. He tries to convince her that the computer will help her cook.…

“It will help you store your recipes, darling,” he coos.

“No thanks,” she replies. “When I find a recipe in the newspaper, I don’t want to spend 20 minutes typing the recipe into the computer. I’d rather just clip it from the newspaper and — presto! — tape it to a file card. My manual system is faster than a computerized one!”

He tries again. “You could use the computer to store your phone numbers. When you want to find a phone number, the computer will tell you instantly.”

She retorts, “No thanks. To make a phone call, I don’t want to turn the computer on, request the phone-number program, wait for the computer to ask whose number I’m interested in, type in the jerk’s full name, then wait for the computer to respond. Instead of doing all that, I can more quickly open my little black phone book, flip to the page where the number is, and dial my friend. Try again, lover-boy!”

“Well, darling, you could use the computer to remind you of birthdays and appointments.”

“You must be crazy! I remember them quite well without a computer. I scribble a note on my calendar, which serves fine and costs $10 instead of $1000. I understand how a disorganized bird-brain male like you, might need a computer to survive; but since we women are better organized, we don’t need to rely on mechanical help.”

Though the computer does not fulfill any real need in the home, he buys the computer anyway — for the thrill of it — and looks for an excuse to justify the cost. The computer’s a solution looking for a problem.

Women buy computers too:

Apple ran a TV ad showing Dick Cavett in a kitchen as he interviewed a woman who bought a computer. “You’re using it to store your recipes?” he asks. “No!” she retorts, “I’m using it to chart stocks!”

If you buy a computer, the idea of “using the computer to run your business” and “using the computer to store recipes” are just excuses. Here are the REAL reasons why people buy computers.…

Teenager: “Computers are a blast: sci-fi come true! They’re even more fun than becoming an astronaut!”

Parent: “Computers are taking over! My kids must become computer-competent to survive! If I buy my kids a computer, they’ll explore it (instead of sex & drugs), wonder how it’s programmed, become programmers, get straight A’s in school, become computer consultants, and make lots of dough, so they can support me in my old age and I can brag about them to my neighbors.”

Grandparent: “I want to be part of the new century. The world’s becoming computerized, and I don’t want my grandkids to say I’m ‘out of it.’ I want to savor this new excitement. I wouldn’t blow money on this stuff myself, but my kids are giving me a computer so grandkids can send me mail and photos electronically, using the Internet. Those grandkids are so cute! Computers are so much fun!”

Kindergartner: “Grandma, I wanna computer for my birthday! And if you don’t buy it, they say I’ll never go to Harvard.”

Social climber: “Damn! Now that big cars and cell phones are passé, the computer’s the only status symbol left. I’m sick of being intimidated by neighbors and bosses spouting computer jargon, and I’m tired of the guys at the bar bragging about how big their computers are. I’m gonna learn that mumbo-jumbo myself so I can get back at those pompous asses and intimidate them!”

Worried worker: “My company is computerizing. If I don’t master computers, they’ll master me and steal my job! If I learn enough about computers, I can keep my job, get promoted, then quit and become a rich computer consultant!”

Middle-aged: “My life’s a bore. I need a fun new hobby — a computer! It would also help my business. I could fondle that cute toy when my company retires me, then start my own business, advertise on the Internet, and become internationally famous!”

Adventurer: “The computer’s a challenge. If I can master it, that’ll prove I’m not as stupid as people say!”

Wanting what’s due: “I’ve been treated like shit all my life; I deserve a computer! I’m gonna get my hands on that mean machine and make it my personal slave.”

Subversive: “If Big Brother has Big Blue watching me, I’ll turn my computer into Big Mama and scramble their waves!”

Doctor: “Playing with the computer’s anatomy is like playing God — and the computer could make my patients pay their bills!”

English teacher: “My students are hooked on computer games. I’m gonna find out why, then make computers channel the kids’ excitement toward a higher good: poetry!”

Social-studies teacher: “The Internet is amazing! So much info is published there about current events and history and the future! I’ve gotta show it to my students, so they’ll become part what this world is about! Then they’ll do research by using the Internet, publish their own papers on the Internet, become internationally famous, and make me famous for being their teacher!”

Will your computer fulfill all those dreams? This Guide will help you find out!

Hassles

When you buy a new computer for your business, you’ll have lots of hassles.

Repairs Since a complete computer system includes so many parts (CPU, ROM, RAM, disks, keyboard, screen, mouse, printer, stereo speakers, modem, microphone, scanner, network card, software, etc.), at least one of them won’t work properly, and you’ll need to fix it. Since the manufacturer or store typically provides free repairs during the first year, you’ll lose nothing but your temper.

Manuals You won’t completely understand the manuals for your hardware & software, so you’ll ask your friends and me for help. You can also try getting help from the manufacturers and dealers; but if your question’s long-winded, their answers will be curt.

If the dealer who sold you the computer is honest, he’ll say, “I don’t know how to run all the hardware and software I sold you. To learn how, read the manuals and buy books in bookstores. No, I haven’t read them myself, because they’re too long-winded, complicated, and vague. If you don’t like the manuals, take our courses, which are expensive and won’t teach you as much as you need but at least make you feel you’re making some progress.”

Most dealers are not that candid.

Programs If you try writing your own programs, you’ll discover Murphy’s law: no matter how long you think a program will take to write, it will take you longer. If you’re wiser and try to buy a finished program from somebody else, you’ll find the program works worse than advertised, its manual is missing or unintelligible, and you’ll need to modify the program to meet your personal needs.

Data entry If you figure out how to use the program, your next torture is to type the data you want the program to process. The typing is sheer drudgery, but you must do it.

Worthwhile? Those headaches are just the beginning of what can become an extended nightmare. Buying a computer starts by being exciting but quickly becomes nerve-racking.

Eventually, you’ll pass that nerve-racking transition stage and be thrilled.

That painful transition is worth the effort if you plan to use the computer a lot. If you plan to use a computer just occasionally, you’d be better off not buying a computer at all: continue doing your work manually.

Promises Salespeople wanting you to buy fancy hardware or software say “it will be great”, but computer stuff never turns out as good as promised.

For example, here’s the tale of the woman who was married 3 times but remained a virgin:

Her first husband, on his wedding night, discovered he was impotent; her second husband, on his wedding night, decided he was gay; and her third husband was a computer salesman who spent the whole night saying how great it was going to be.

Computer salesmen make great promises but don’t deliver.

Here’s the story of the programmer who died and went to Heaven’s gate, guarded by St. Peter, who let the programmer choose between Heaven and Hell:

The programmer peeked at Heaven and saw angels singing boring songs. He peeked at Hell and saw a beach full of beautiful bodies sunbathing and frolicking, so he chose Hell. Suddenly the beach vanished, and he was dragged to a chamber of eternal torture. When he asked “What happened to the beach?”, the devil replied “Oh, that was just the demo.”

Though hot technologies look beautifully enticing, when you try to experience them you’ll have a devil of a time!

Periodicals

To keep up-to-date about computers, read newspapers and magazines. They contain the latest computer news, criticize hardware and software, advise you on what to buy, and include ads for the newest products, services, and discount dealers.

Some ads and articles use technical computer jargon, which you’ll understand by reading this book.

How to get periodicals

Visit your local computer stores, bookstores, and newspaper stands, and buy a copy of each newspaper and magazine that interests you.

If you live near Boston, you’ll find many computer magazines in the kiosks in the middle of Harvard Square (at Out of Town News and Nini’s Corner) and at a chain of convenience stores called White Hen Pantry. Two computer-store chains (Comp USA and Micro Center) sell computer magazines at discounted prices.

After reading the periodicals you bought — or borrowed from your local library — subscribe to the ones you like best.

Most periodicals come with a coupon that gives you a “special” discount off the subscription price “for new subscribers, if you hurry”. Don’t bother hurrying: the same discount is offered to practically everybody every year. And next year, when you renew, you’ll be offered the same “special” discount, “for our loyal readers, if you hurry”.

Shortly after buying a one-year subscription, you’ll receive a dishonest letter from the publisher warning that your subscription will “run out soon” and that “if you renew now, you’ll get a special discount”. Don’t believe the letter; “run out soon” usually means “run out eight months from now”, and “if you renew now” means “if you renew sometime within the eight months, or even later”. Feel free to wait.

How to read reviews

Many computer periodicals review the newest hardware and software. Don’t take the reviews too seriously: the typical review is written by just one person and reflects just that individual’s opinion.

Some reviewers are too easy: they heap praise and say everything is “excellent”. Other reviewers are too demanding: they say everything is “terrible”. If one product gets a rave review, and a competing product gets a scathing review, the reason might be the difference between reviewers rather than the difference between products.

Giant conglomerates

Most computer magazines and newspapers are published by two giant conglomerates: Ziff-Davis and IDG.

Ziff-Davis is a gigantic publisher in Manhattan. By the 1970’s Ziff-Davis was publishing magazines about many hobbies. In 1982, when computers became a popular hobby, Ziff-Davis bought several computer-magazine publishers, so it’s become a conglomerate of hobby-magazine and computer-magazine publishers. Ziff-Davis is usually called ZD or just Ziff. It’s based in Manhattan. It was bought by a Japanese company called Softbank, which then resold it to a group of American investors.

IDG (based in Framingham, Massachusetts) began publishing Computerworld in 1967. Later it bought up and published many other computer periodicals around the world. Now IDG publishes 270 computer periodicals in 75 countries.

Ziff and IDG have declared war on each other. For example, IDG refuses to publish articles by columnists who submit articles to Ziff. Each computer columnist must choose between either being a Ziffer or an IDG’er.

Mostly monthly

Most computer magazines are published monthly and let you buy individual issues (for under $5) or an annual subscription (for about $25).

General computer magazines

Here are the 6 best computer magazines for the general public:

Magazine Publisher PricePages 1 year 2 yrs. Editorial office Toll free

Computer Shopper CNet $3.99250 12 issues, $25 $45 NY212-503-3900 800-274-6384

PC World IDG $5.99200 12 issues, $22 $44 CA 415-243-0500 800-825-7595

PC Magazine Ziff-Davis $4.99200 22 issues, $35 $60 NY212-503-5255 800-289-0429

Smart Computing Sandhills $4.95100 12 issues, $29 $48 NE 402-477-8900 800-733-3809

Maximum PC Imagine $7.99100 12 issues, $12 $24 CA 415-468-4684 800-274-3421

Computer Currents IDG $5 50 12 issues, $20 $40 CA 510-547-6800 800-365-7773

I’ve put the most important (Computer Shopper) at the top of the list, and listed the others in order of importance. That list shows each periodical’s name, publisher, price (for a single issue), number of pages (rounded to the nearest 50), how many issues are printed per year, price of a 1-year subscription (using the discount card that’s in the magazine), price of a 2-year subscription, editorial office’s state and phone number, and any toll-free number for ordering a subscription.

To be fully aware of what’s happening with computers, get all 6 of those magazines. If you can’t afford all 6, start at the list’s top and work your way down.

Topping the list is Computer Shopper.

It’s bigger than any other computer magazine. Though not as huge as it was during the mid-1990’s, each issue still contains at least 250 pages.

It’s the only magazine where the most aggressive discount dealers advertise. It’s where you’ll find the lowest prices. That’s why people buy it: to look at the ads. It’s also the only magazine that includes an ad-product index, where you can look up any product (such as “laser printers by Hewlett-Packard”) and find the page numbers of all ads offering that product.

Browsing through Computer Shopper, you might see an ad bragging that a product was declared “Computer Shopper Best Buy of the Year”. That praise sounds impressive — until you realize that the judges were “all the magazine subscribers who sent in postcards”, and the award just means the subscribers admired the ad’s low price and didn’t necessarily try or even see the product!

Subscribers receive Computer Shopper about the 15^th day of the preceding month: for example, they receive the February issue on about January 15^th. You won’t find it in stores until about 2 weeks after that: for example, you won’t find the February issue in stores until the last few days of January.

Computer Shopper used to be independent but was bought by Ziff-Davis (which in turn was bought by Softbank).

PC World is the best-balanced magazine. It’s smaller than Computer Shopper and more carefully edited.

Of all the computer magazines, PC World does the best job of surveying readers to find out which computer brands are the most reliable and which computer companies are most helpful when answering phone calls. PC World publishes the survey results twice a year.

PC World is the only computer magazine that has an active consumer-complaint department. It publishes complaints about rip-offs and bad service. It also plays consumer advocate and gets the baddies to change their ways and give refunds to customers.

Even if you buy just one issue of PC World, you can learn a lot from it, since each issue includes an updated list of the best brands of desktop computers, notebook computers, printers, video cards, and modems, with detailed ratings.

Each issue of PC Magazine concentrates on a few topics and covers them more thoroughly than any other magazine. For example, a PC Magazine article about printers will compare more printers than any other magazine.

Since the typical PC Magazine article is thorough and long, just a few articles appear in each issue. But a 1-year subscription gets you lots of issues: 22 of them (1 issue in July, 1 in August, and 2 in each other month).

PC Magazine tends to recommend computer equipment that’s expensive, since PC Magazine assumes its typical reader is willing to spend $4,000 on a computer system. I wish the magazine would try to help readers whose income is lower.

I can’t imagine anybody reading a complete issue of PC Magazine from cover to cover. Do you really want to read so many details about every printer? PC Magazine is like an encyclopedia: you’re not supposed to read it all, but you’re glad to know it’s all there.

PC Magazine is historic: it was the first magazine about the IBM PC and clones. At first, it was independent. When Ziff-Davis bought it, most of the staff quit and started PC World for Ziff-Davis’s competitor, IDG. Then Ziff-Davis hired a new staff, which was excellent. But eventually, PC Magazine’s top editors left to start newer magazines.

Of all the magazines, the easiest to read is Smart Computing.

Since it’s easy, it was called “PC Novice”; but in 1997 changed its name to “Smart Computing” to emphasize that it helps everybody who wants to become smarter, not just beginners.

Each article is superbly crafted to explain even the most difficult topics simply. If you want to understand how computers work, this is the magazine to get. Unlike other computer magazines, this magazine emphasizes “how computers work” rather than “which brands to buy”. This magazine is the shortest — but sweetest!

All other computer magazines are published in California or on the East Coast, but Smart Computing is published in Nebraska instead. Maybe that’s why its writing is straightforward instead of strung out.

Maximum PC is the most youthful, exciting, and irreverent computer magazine. It emphasizes computer games and other high-tech wow. Subscriptions cost just $12 per year. A single issue is expensive ($7.99) because it includes a CD-ROM disk.

Like a newspaper, Computer Currents is printed on extra-wide pages of newsprint paper. At first glance, it looks like a thin version of Computer Shopper. Like Computer Shopper, its main importance is its ads.

It’s printed in 8 local editions: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas, Austin, Houston, Atlanta, and Boston. Each edition has its own ads from local dealers and its own local news. If you live near one of those cities, Computer Currents is the best way to find out about local computer dealers and events.

Each issue also includes some articles of national importance. The articles have a delightfully relaxed, chatty style and stay short enough to be to-the-point.

Of all computer magazines, Computer Currents has the most devilish back page: it contains satire by the world’s best computer satirist (Lincoln Spector) and a cartoon by the world’s best computer cartoonist (Rich Tennant). They’ll make you laugh, especially after you’ve immersed yourself in computer culture long enough to understand what they’re satirizing.

In the San Francisco area, Computer Currents is distributed free at newsstands. In most other parts of the country, you must buy a subscription.

Specialized magazines

Here are the best magazines about the Internet:

Magazine Publisher PricePages 1 year 2 yrs. Editorial office Toll free

Yahoo Internet Life Ziff-Davis $2.99100 12 issues, $20 $40 NY212-503-4790

Net Guide CMP $3.95200 12 issues, $15 $30 NY516-562-5000 800-829-0421

Yahoo Internet Life is the most fun; Net Guide covers topics that are more serious.

Here are the best magazines about Apple’s Mac computers:

Magazine Publisher PricePages 1 year 2 yrs. Editorial office Toll free

Macworld Mac Pub’ing $7.99150 12 issues, $35 $50 CA 415-243-0505 800-627-2247

Mac Addict Imagine $7.99150+CD 12 issues, $30 $60 CA415-468-4869

The two serious Mac magazines used to be IDG’s Macworld and Ziff’s Mac User, but in 1997 those magazines merged into a combo called Macworld, It’s published by a company called Mac Publishing, owned by IDG and Ziff working together. Mac Addict is wackier and costs more because it comes with a CD.

Computer newsweeklies

Here are the 4 best sources of weekly news about computers:

Newsweekly Publisher PricePages 1 year Editorial office Toll free

Computerworld IDG $5 50 51 issues, $58 or $0 MA508-879-0700 800-669-1002

E Week Ziff-Davis $3.9550 51 issues, $195 or $0 MA617-393-3700 800-451-1032

Infoworld IDG $3.9550 51 issues, $160 or $0 CA 415-572-7341

Each is published weekly (except the week after Christmas). E Week (which used to be called PC Week) emphasizes the IBM PC and clones. Infoworld emphasizes networking PC’s together. Computerworld emphasizes bigger systems and management/social issues.

They’re intended for computerists who buy lots of computers. To subscribe, you complete application forms asking how many computer purchases you make or influence yearly. If you answer acceptably, you get the newspapers free; otherwise, you must pay a lot.

That method of distribution — “specialists get it free, idiots pay through the nose” — is called controlled circulation. It assures advertisers that the readers are either influential or rich. Alas, it widens the gap between the “haves” and the “have-nots”: if you’re a low-income novice, this policy is guaranteed to “keep you in your place”, unless you’re lucky enough to find those magazines in your local library.

Examine the back page

In many computer magazines and newspapers, the most fascinating writing occurs on the back page.

For example, the best humorists are Lincoln Spector (on the back page of Computer Currents) and Rich Tennant (whose cartoons grace the back page of Computer Currents, PC Magazine, and Computerworld). The best rumor-mongerer is Spencer F. Katt (who’s a cartoon cat on the back page of PC Week).

Daily newspapers

For today’s news about computers, read the business section of your town’s daily newspaper, or read national newspapers such as USA Today, The Wall Street Journal, and The New York Times.

Every Thursday is computer day. That’s when The New York Times publishes its Circuits section (which is section E), and that’s when The Wall Street Journal runs Walter Mossberg’s computer column (on the first page of the Marketplace section).

Discount dealers

In computer magazines and newspapers, many ads offering big discounts. And if you buy from a dealer who isn’t in your state, the dealer won’t charge you sales tax.

Discount dealers change prices every month. Instead of asking them for catalogs (which might be out of date), examine their most recent ads. Then phone to confirm the prices. Usually, prices go down every month, but sometimes they rise.

Before buying, ask whether the product’s in stock, how long the dealer will take to fill your order, and how it will be shipped. Ask what the dealer charges for shipping: many dealers overcharge! Ask whether there’s a surcharge for using a credit card. Since products are improved often, make sure the dealer is selling you the newest version.

If the product you get is defective, the dealer or manufacturer will fix or replace it. But if the product is merely “disappointing” or doesn’t do what you expected or isn’t compatible with the rest of your computer system, tough luck!

Many discount dealers say “all sales are final.” Other dealers let you return computers but not printers, monitors, or software. Some dealers let you return products but charge you a “restocking fee”, which can be up to 25% of the purchase price!

So before you buy, ask questions about the product’s abilities to make sure it will do what you expect. Tell the dealer what hardware and software you own, and ask the dealer whether the product’s compatible with your system.

The typical product comes in a cardboard box. On the back of the box (or on some other side), you’ll usually see a list of the system requirements. That’s a list of what hardware and software you must already own to make that product work with your computer.

Mail-order dealers

Back in the 1980’s, two big mail-order dealers set the tone for the rest of the discount industry. Those dealers were Telemart and PC Connection.

When Telemart went bankrupt in 1993, its assets were sold to Computer Discount Warehouse (CDW), which has continued Telemart’s tradition of low prices and wide selection. Phone CDW in Illinois at 800-500-4CDW (for Mac goodies) or 800-454-4CDW (for IBM-compatible goodies).

PC Connection has the best reputation for service because it processes orders fast, charges little for shipping, handles hassle orders promptly and generously, and gives technical help on a toll-free 800 number.

PC Connection began in a barn in the tiny town of Marlow, New Hampshire, then expanded to fill the inn across the street. Now PC Connection has become huge and is based in the city of Merrimack, New Hampshire.

PC Connection has two divisions: IBM and Mac.

The IBM division advertises in PC World (phone 800-800-0003 or 603-446-0003) and PC Magazine (phone 800-800-0004 or 603-446-0004). The Mac division calls itself Mac Connection in Macworld (phone 800-800-3333 or 603-446-3333). You can use the 800 numbers even if you’re in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and Canada.

Each division works round-the-clock, 24 hours daily. Your order’s shipped immediately, even if you’ve paid by check. (Checks are cleared in less than a day.) Your order’s shipped by Airborne overnight express so it reaches you the next day; if you order between 12:01AM and 3:15AM Eastern Time, you’ll usually receive your order the same day (because the company built a warehouse next to Airborne’s airport in Ohio).

The IBM division is nice, the Mac division is even nicer! The IBM division’s toll-free number is usually busy; the Mac division’s toll-free number usually gets you a sales rep immediately. The IBM division offers fairly low prices (but not as low as other discount dealers); the Mac division offers rock-bottom prices, lower than almost any other Mac dealer.

The company isn’t quite as nice as before. For shipping, the company used to charge $5 or less, even if your order was huge, but now charges more. The company used to give a money-back guarantee but now gives no refunds for returned computers & printers and charges a 15% restocking fee for all other items.

The competitor that PC Connection fears the most is New Jersey’s Micro Warehouse, which offers a greater variety of hardware and software. But Micro Warehouse gives less technical help and sometimes has delays in shipping.

Like PC Connection, Micro Warehouse has two divisions. For the IBM division, phone 800-367-7080 or 732-905-5245. For the Mac division (which is called Mac Warehouse), phone 800-255-6227 or 732-367-0440.

Micro Warehouse bought several competitors, such as USA Flex and Network Express. To reach “USA Flex” or “Network Express”, call Micro Warehouse.

Another competitor is Washington State’s Multiple Zones.

Like Micro Warehouse, it offers low prices on IBM and Mac goodies. Its IBM division, PC Zone, is at 800-258-2088. The Mac division, Mac Zone, is at 800-248-0800. For international calls to either division, phone 425-883-3088.

A big discount dealer called Insight used to advertise in Computer Shopper magazine but now advertises electronically instead, using the Internet. Insight is in Arizona at 800-INSIGHT or 602-902-1176.

SOFTWARES

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Software

The info that the computer deals with is called software, because you can’t feel it: it flows through the computer’s circuits as coded pulses of electricity.

The computer can handle two kinds of software: data (lists of names, addresses, numbers, words, and facts) and programs (lists of instructions that tell the computer what to do).

To feed the computer software (data and programs), you can type on the keyboard, or insert ROM chips or disks containing the software, or let the computer receive the software from another computer (by running wires between the computers or letting the computers chat with each other by phone).

If you feed the computer wrong software — wrong facts or wrong instructions — the computer will print wrong answers. Wrong stuff is called garbage. If you feed the computer some garbage, the computer spits out garbage answers.

If a computer prints wrong answers, the computer might not be broken; it might just have been fed wrong data or programs. If you tell a technician to fix it, the technician might reply, “Hey, the computer’s fine! Don’t blame the computer! It’s your fault for feeding it garbage! If you put garbage in, you get garbage out!” That’s called the principle of garbage in, garbage out (which is abbreviated GIGO, pronounced “guy go”). The technician will say, “it’s just a case of GIGO”.

Liveware

The person sitting at the computer is called the liveware, operator, user, or meathead — because the person’s head is made of meat instead of wires.

The term meathead was first shouted publicly by that TV character from New York: Archie Bunker. The term liveware was invented in 1982 by Garry Trudeau, creator of the Doonesbury cartoons.

Summary

For a complete computer system, you need all 3 wares: the hardware (equipment), software (info), and liveware (people).

Beware of the 3 wares! You can spend lots to buy hardware (and repair it), buy software (and improve it), and hire helpers (and train them). Make sure you’ve budgeted for all 3 wares!

Congratulations! Now you know the 3 ways that buying a computer can suck up your money. Yes, buying a computer can really suck.

Subculture

Computers are like drugs: you begin by spending just a little on them but soon get so excited by the experience — and so hooked — that you wind up spending more and more to feed your habit.

Your first computer experience seems innocent: you spend just a little money for a cute little computer. You turn the computer on, tell it to play a game, and suddenly the computer’s screen shows dazzling superhuman colors that swirl hypnotically before you. You say “Wow, look at all those colors!” and feel a supernatural high.

But after two months of freaking out with your new computer, the high wears off and you wonder, “What can I buy that’s new, exciting, and gives me an even bigger high?” So you buy more stuff to attach to your computer. Now you’re in really deep, financially and spiritually. You’re hooked. You’ve become addicted to computers. Each month you return to your favorite computer store to search for an even bigger high — and spend more money.

Look at me. I’m a typical computer junkie. I’ve already bought 50 computers, and I’m still going. Somebody help me! My computers have taken over my home. Whenever I try to go to sleep, I see those computers staring at me, their lights winking, tempting me to spend a few more hours in naughty fun, even if the sun’s already beginning to rise.

Computerists use the same lingo as druggies: to buy a computer, you go to a dealer; and when you finally start using your computer, you’re called a user.

As your addiction deepens and you search for greater highs, you squander even more money on computer equipment, called hardware. You stay up late (playing computer games or removing errors), so next morning you go to work bleary-eyed. Your boss soon suspects your computer habit, realizes you’re not giving full attention to your job, and fires you.

Jobless while your computer bills mount ever higher, you run out of money to spend on computers, but your computer addiction still runs through your brain. To support your habit, you write or buy programs and try to resell them to friends. That makes you a pusher. You turn your friends into addicts too, and you all join the increasing subculture of computer junkies.

Drugs differ from computers in just one way: if you’re into drugs, people call you a “washout”; but if you’re into computers, people say you have a “wonderful career” — and they’re right!

As a computer pusher, you can make lots of dough, but just if instead of calling yourself a “push” you call yourself a computer consultant. Yes, a computer consultant is a person who gives computer advice to other victims — and pushes them into buying more computers!

A computer consultant who gives free computer help seems kind but is a wolf in sheep’s clothing. The truth is revealed in these lines of Tom Lehrer’s song, “The Old Dope Peddler”:

He gives the kids free samples

Because he knows full well

That today’s young innocent faces

Will be tomorrow’s clientele.

Your marriage

The computer will fascinate you. It’ll seduce you to spend more time with it. You’ll fall in love with it. You’ll start buying it presents: exotic foods (expensive programs to munch on), new clothes (a pretty little cloth cover to keep dust off), and expensive jewels (a printer and extra disks).

Then the computer will demand you give it more. While you enjoy an exciting orgy with your computer and think it’s the most joyous thing that ever happened to you, suddenly the computer will demand you buy it more memory. It’ll refuse to continue the orgy until you agree to its demand. And you’ll agree — eagerly!

The computer’s a demanding lover. You’ll feel married to it.

Marrying a computer is much groovier than marrying a person: computers are good at “getting it on” (they make you feel all electric and tingly) and they never argue (they’re always ready to “do it”, except when they “have a headache”).

I wanted to call this book “The Sexual Guide to Computers” and put a photo of my computer wife and me on the cover; but some communities still prohibit mixed marriages. That cover would be banned in Boston, which is where I’ve lived. So I had to play cool and say “Secret” Guide to Computers. But here’s the real secret: this book’s about sex.

If you marry a computer but already married a human, your human spouse will call you a “bigamist” and feel jealous of the computer. Your marriage to that human can deteriorate and end in divorce.

Several women got divorced because they took my computer course. Their husbands had two complaints:

“You spend most of your time with the computer instead of with me.

When you do spend time with me, all you want to talk about is the computer.”

To prevent such marital problems, coax your spouse to play a game on the computer. Your spouse will get hooked on the game, become as addicted to the computer as you, enjoy blabbing about the computer with you, and encourage you spend money on your habit. Sociologists call that technological progress.

PORTABLE COMPUTERS

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Portable computers

Instead of buying a standard computer (tower or desktop), you can buy a portable computer, which is easier to carry.

To be called portable, the computer must weigh less than 32 pounds. That weight must include all parts except the printer. The computer must be small enough to be carried with one hand. (To make it easy to carry with one hand, the computer typically has a handle.)

5 weights To describe portable computers more precisely, 5 terms have been invented: luggable, laptop, notebook, subnotebook, and pocket. Careless beginners use those 5 terms interchangeably and call all portable computers “laptops” or “notebooks”; but careful experts distinguish the terms based on the computer’s weight:

A luggable computer weighs between 16 and 32 pounds (typically 20).

A laptop computer weighs between 8 and 16 pounds (typically 14).

A notebook computer weighs between 4 and 8 pounds (typically 7).

A subnotebook computerweighs between 2 and 4 pounds (typically 3½).

A pocket computer weighs less than 2 pounds (typically 1).

Here are more details.…

A luggable computer is about the size of a portable sewing machine or bulging briefcase. Carrying it is not pleasant, but you can lug it if you have a strong arm.

A laptop computer is smaller. It’s small enough to fit in your lap.

A notebook computer is even smaller. It’s about the size of a student’s 3-ring-binder notebook holding a ream of paper. It’s about 11 inches wide, 9 inches from front to back, and 2 inches thick.

A subnotebook computer is even smaller.

A pocket computer is the smallest kind of portable computer. It’s small enough to fit in your pocket. It looks like a pocket calculator but lets you type all the letters of the alphabet (because it includes extra keys or includes a touch-sensitive screen you can scribble on).

Notebook-computer details Of those 5 kinds of portable computers, the most popular is “notebook”. Over 90% of all portable computers being sold are notebook computers, because notebook computers are the perfect size. (Luggable and laptop computers are too big and heavy to carry pleasantly. Subnotebook and pocket computers are too tiny and cramped: you’ll have difficulty typing on their tiny keyboards and reading their tiny screens.)

The most popular notebook computers are made by HP and Toshiba. Other famous notebook computers are made by IBM and Apple. Companies such as Sager, Hyperdata, and Micro Electronics Incorporated (MEI) sell notebook computers that are better deals: they include more equipment per dollar. Most notebook computers cost between $999 and $2999.

The typical notebook computer uses a clamshell design: it opens, like a clamshell, to reveal two parts. The bottom part (1 inch high) contains the main system-unit circuitry with a built-in keyboard, built-in pair of stereo speakers, built-in touchpad (a square pad you rub with your finger instead of using a mouse), and built-in battery. The top part pries up to become a screen (made of the same materials used in screens of pocket calculators and digital wristwatches).

The notebook computer can get power from its built-in battery; but if you plug the computer into a wall’s electrical outlet, the computer will use the wall’s power instead while the battery recharges.

Pocket-computer details A pocket computer is small enough to fit in your pocket. Since it’s also small enough to fit in the palm of your hand, it’s also called a handheld computer or palm-size computer.

The typical pocket computer comes with programs that help you jot notes, store phone numbers, and keep track of appointments and to-do lists. That kind of pocket computer is called a personal digital assistant (PDA).

The most popular pocket computer is the Palm. It’s a PDA that uses a touch-sensitive screen instead of a keyboard. It comes in various models, costing between $74 and $449. You can also get imitations (called the Handspring Visor and the Sony Clié) and variants (called the Compaq iPaq Pocket PC and the HP Journada).

Pocket computers that are more traditional and use a keyboard are made by Sharp, Casio, HP, Radio Shack, and Poquet. Most cost between $70 and $500.

Pricey Unfortunately, portable computers are pricey: a portable computer costs about twice as much as a standard computer having similar computational abilities. Buy a portable computer just if you insist on taking a computer with you when traveling — and you’re rich enough to pay for it.

Hidden computers

A hidden computer (or embedded computer) hides inside another device. For example, a computer hides inside your digital watch. Other computers hide inside your pocket calculator, your Nintendo video-game machine, your microwave oven, and your car’s dashboard.

Since such a computer dedicates its entire life to performing just one task (such as “telling the time”), it’s also called a dedicated computer. Most such computers cost under $10.

Prices drop

On average, computer prices drop 3% per month. That price decline’s been in effect ever since the 1940’s, and there’s no sign of it stopping.

Suppose for a particular computer item the average price charged by dealers is $100. Next month, that item’s average price will probably drop 3%, to $97. After two months, its average price will have dropped about 3% again, so its price will be 97% of $97, which is $94.09.

Here’s how the math works out:

On the average, computer prices drop

about 3% per month,

30% per year,

50% every two years,

90% every six years,

99% every twelve years.

Therefore:

If a computer item’s average price is $100 today,

it will probably be $97 next month,

$70 a year from now,

$50 two years from now,

$10 six years from now,

$1 twelve years from now.

The typical computer costs about $1000. Here’s what the math looks like for a $1000 system:

If a computer system costs you $1000 today,

it will probably cost you

$970 if you buy a month from now,

$700 if you buy a year from now,

$500 if you buy 2 years from now,

$100 if you buy 6 years from now,

$10 if you buy 12 years from now.

Does that mean computer stores will be selling lots of computers for $10 twelve years from now? No! Instead, computer stores will still be selling computers for about $1000, but those $1000 systems-of-the-future will be much fancier than the systems sold today. By comparison, today’s systems will look primitive — much too primitive to run the programs-of-the-future — so they’ll be sold off as old, quaint, primitive junk in flea markets and garage sales.

Find that hard to believe? To become a believer in rapidly dropping prices, just try this experiment: walk into a flea market or garage sale today, and you’ll see computer systems selling for $10 that sold for $1000 twelve years ago!

So the longer you wait to buy a computer, the less you’ll pay. But the longer you wait, the longer you’ll be deprived of having a computer, and the further behind you’ll be in computerizing your life and turning yourself into a computer expert.

Don’t wait. Begin your new computerized life now!

Inside the system unit

The system unit is a magical box that you’ll probably never need to open. But someday, you’ll get curious about what’s inside.

How to peek

Here’s how to peek inside the system unit of a standard computer (tower or desktop).

Make sure the computer’s turned off.

Remove the screws from the 4 corners of the system unit’s back wall. Notice how big those screws are. Remove any other screws of that size from the back wall’s edges.

Then remove the system unit’s cover:

If the unit’s a tower, pull the cover back slightly, then lift it.

If the unit’s a desktop, slide the cover forward — or if it refuses, try sliding the cover back — then lift it slightly.

If the cover doesn’t quite come off, jiggle it slightly, and also double-check whether you’ve removed all the screws holding it in place.

Finally, peek into the system unit and admire the goodies within! To be safe, avoid touching them.

Circuit boards

Inside the system unit, you see several green plastic boards, called circuit boards (because they have electric circuits on them). On each circuit board, you see many black rectangular objects, called chips: each chip contains a miniature electronic circuit inside!

Mobo

The biggest circuit board is called the motherboard (or, more briefly, mobo). It’s about the size of sheet of paper (8½" ´ 11"). In a desktop unit, the mobo lies flat on the bottom; in a tower, the mobo is vertical, attached to the tower’s right edge.

CPU

On the mobo, the biggest chip is the one that does most of the thinking. That chip is called the central processing unit (CPU). It’s also called the microprocessor. A standard computer uses a brand of microprocessor called a Pentium, manufactured by an intelligent California company called Intel.

Yes, in a microcomputer, most of the thinking is done by a single chip, called the microprocessor.

In older, bigger computers, the thinking is done by a gigantic collection of chips working together, instead of a single microprocessor chip. That collection is called the processor. The term microprocessor was invented by folks amazed that a processor could be made small enough to fit on a single chip.

Expansion cards

Besides the motherboard, the system unit contains smaller circuit boards (called expansion cards) that snap into slots in the motherboard.

The most important expansion card is the video card. It manages the monitor. It includes the video port, which attaches to the cable that comes from the monitor.

Another expansion card is the sound card. It manages the stereo speakers and microphone and attaches to the cables that comes from them.

Another expansion card is the modem (pronounced “mode em”). It manages phone signals and attaches to cables that come from the phone and the phone jack.

If your computer is part of a local-area network, your computer includes a network interface card (NIC), which attaches to the network cable that comes from the network’s other computers.

The keyboard does not have its own expansion card. Instead, the keyboard’s cable plugs directly into the motherboard.

Memory

The three most popular kinds of memory are ROM chips, RAM chips, and disks.

ROM chips remember info permanently. Even if you turn off the computer’s power, ROM chips continue to remember what they’ve been told. The most important ROM chips are on the motherboard.

RAM chips remember info temporarily. They’re electronic scratchpads that the CPU uses to store temporary reminders. For example, they remember what problem the computer’s working on at the moment. They get erased when you switch to a different computer problem or turn the computer off.

In an old computer, most RAM chips are on the motherboard, where the RAM chips are arranged in rows, 8 or 9 RAM chips per row. In a new computer, the RAM chips are instead on tiny expansion cards, which snap into tiny slots on the motherboard: each tiny RAM cards is called a single in-line memory module (SIMM) and holds 3, 8, or 9 RAM chips.

Disks work slower than ROM chips and RAM chips but can hold more info. Like ROM chips, disks can remember info permanently: unplugging the computer does not erase the disks. To use a disk, you must put it into a disk drive, which reads what’s on the disk. In a standard computer, the system unit includes 3 disk drives, to handle 3 kinds of disks:

A CD-ROM disk looks like a Compact Disk (CD) that music comes on, but a CD-ROM disk contain computer data instead of just music.

A floppy disk is made of flimsy material but comes encased is a sturdy square jacket, which is typically 3½ inches on each side (though older disks come in 5¼-inch jackets instead). You can insert the floppy disk (including its jacket) into the floppy-disk drive. You can also remove the floppy disk (including its jacket) from the drive.

The typical hard disk is made of hard material, hides in the hard-disk drive permanently, and never comes out, so you never see it.

Each of those three types has its own advantages:

CD-ROM and floppy disks can be removed from their drives.

The typical hard disk cannot.

You can edit info if it’s on a hard disk or floppy disk,

but not if it’s on a typical CD-ROM disk.

The typical hard disk can hold lots of info.

The typical CD-ROM disk holds less.

A floppy disk holds even less.

Power supply

The power cord comes from your office’s wall and goes into the back of the system unit. Look inside the system unit, at the back wall, where the power cord goes in. There you see, inside the system unit, a big metal box, called the power supply.

If you look in a tower, the power supply is usually at the top of the back wall.

If you stand in front of a desktop computer and look down into it, so you see an aerial view, the power supply is usually in the back right corner.

The power supply is an AC/DC transformer: it converts the alternating current (coming from your office’s wall) to the direct current that your computer requires.

The 3 wares

To build a complete computer system, you need hardware, software, and liveware.

Hardware

Computer equipment is called hardware because it’s built from wires, screws, and other parts you can buy in hardware & electronics stores. Cynics say it’s called “hardware” because it’s hard to fix and because, when you try to buy hardware, you’ll get screwed and go nuts.

I/O The info that the computer gives out is called the computer’s output: it includes the computer’s answers and reports. The info that the computer takes in is called the input: it includes your questions and commands.

The computer hardware that that handle input and output are called input/output devices (I/O devices). The most popular I/O devices to buy are a keyboard, monitor, mouse, printer, microphone, modem (which connects to the phone system), and speakers.

3 types of hardware I said that a computer is “any machine that can seem to do useful thinking”. For a computer to do “useful thinking”, you must buy 3 types of hardware:

The processor does the thinking itself; it processes info.

The memory remembers the computer’s thoughts; it includes RAM, ROM, disks.

The I/O devices communicates those thoughts.

Each type is important and useful. A computer without memory is as useless as a person who says “I had a great idea but can’t remember it.” A computer without an input/output system is as useless as a person who says, “I had a great idea and remember it but won’t tell you.”

When you’re buying a computer, check all 3 types and make sure they’re good. This book explains how to judge them.

THIS IS COMPUTER HARDWARE

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Up until 1940, computers were people. Dictionaries said a “computer” was “a person who computes”. Astronomers hired many “computers”, who computed the positions of stars.

People who computed were called “computers”. Machines that computed were called “calculators”.

After 1940, “human computers” were gradually replaced by gigantic machines, called “electronic computers”. Today the word “computer” means “a machine that computes”. This book explains how to buy and use such machines.

During the 1950’s, people realized that electronic computers can do more than compute.

Today’s computers spend hardly any time doing math. They spend most of their time thinking about words and ideas instead. They ought to be called “thinkers” instead!

If an alien visits our planet and sees how our computers act, the alien might deduce that a “computer” is “a thinking machine”. If the alien comes from a strange colony of uptight chatterboxes called “lawyers”, the alien will analyze further and say more precisely:

A “computer” is “any machine that can seem to do useful thinking”.

That’s the definition I’ll use in this book!

Today’s computers spend most of their time analyzing words & ideas — and very little time doing math. So you need to know just a little math to understand computers. If you know 5.2 is more than 5 and less than 6, you know enough math to master this book and get hired as a computer expert! Becoming a computer expert is easier than becoming an auto mechanic, and you don’t get greasy!

3 computer sizes

Computers come in 3 sizes: big, small, and teeny-weeny.

If the computer is big, it’s called a maxicomputer.

If the computer is small, it’s called a minicomputer.

If the computer is teeny-weeny, it’s called a microcomputer.

How big must a computer be for folks to call it a maxicomputer? Opinions differ, but here are some guidelines:

Typically,a maxicomputerfills a whole room;

a minicomputer fits in a corner of a room;

a microcomputer can fit on a desk.

Typically,a microcomputer costs between $1 and $10,000;

a minicomputer costs between $10,000 and $300,000;

a maxicomputercosts between $300,000 and $20,000,000.

Here are some comments about those terms:

Instead of saying “maxicomputer”, most computerists says “mainframe”, which is an old-fashioned term; but I’ll say “maxicomputer”, which is more modern and easier to understand.

The term “microcomputer” is handy. Especially if you’re male, you should say “I have a microcomputer” rather than “I have a teeny weeny”.

If a new computer understands the same commands as an old computer, the new computer is labeled the same as the old computer, regardless of its price. For example, if somebody invents a new computer that understands the same commands as an old minicomputer, the new computer is called a “minicomputer” too, even if it costs less than $10,000 or more than $300,000. If it costs less than $10,000, it’s called a low-end minicomputer (and probably runs slowly); if it costs more than $300,000, it’s called a high-end minicomputer or supermini (and probably runs fast).

Companies began selling maxicomputers in the 1950’s, minicomputers in the 1960’s, and microcomputers in the 1970’s. Now you can buy all three sizes.

Microcomputers are the most popular, because they’re the most affordable and most modern. Over 99.9% of all computers sold are microcomputers. This book will therefore emphasize microcomputers — but analyze bigger computers too!

The typical microcomputer is used by just one person at a time and therefore called a personal computer (PC). The typical maxicomputer or minicomputer handles several people simultaneously and therefore called a multi-user system, but a special kind of minicomputer serves a different purpose: it produces beautiful drawings for artistic engineers and therefore called a graphics/engineering workstation. Like microcomputers, graphics/engineering workstations are modern and nifty.

If your employer bought an old minicomputer or maxicomputer years ago and refuses to replace it with something more modern, the polite way to describe your situation is to say that you’re stuck using a legacy system, because your employer’s computer is a legacy handed down from the folks who preceded you. Yes, a legacy system is an outdated maxicomputer or minicomputer.

Networks

Instead of buying a big computer, the typical big company buys many little computers and wires them together, to form a network.

If the network’s computers all sit in the same office building,

the network is called a local-area network (LAN).

If the computers are farther apart,

the network is called a wide-area network (WAN).

Each computer in the network is called a node.

A special person, called the network supervisor, manages the network by controlling the network’s main computer, called the server. Ordinary folks (called users) sit at the network’s lesser computers (called workstations), which all are wired to the server.

In a typical network, the workstations are all simple personal computers, but the server is fancier (a souped-up microcomputer or minicomputer or maxicomputer). Many computer companies brag that they sell powerful servers, because that sounds more upbeat than saying they sell “maxicomputers and minicomputers for networks”.

The most famous wide-area network is the Internet. It began in the 1950’s as a small network (a few universities communicating with each other), but during the 1990’s it expanded dramatically, so now it includes millions of computers all over the world. If you buy a personal computer and attach it to the Internet by phone, you can share info with other folks all over the world!

Manufacturers

Who makes computers?

IBM The most famous computer manufacturer is IBM, which stands for International Business Machines Corporation.

Too often, it’s also stood for “Incredibly Boring Machines”, “Inertia Breeds Mediocrity”, “International Big Mother”, “Imperialism By Marketing”, “Idolized By Management”, “Incompetents Becoming Managers”, “Intolerant of Beards & Mustaches”, “It Baffles Me”, “It’s a Big Mess”, and “It’s Better Manually”. But those negative comments apply just to IBM’s past: in the 1990’s IBM switched; it became open-minded and friendly.

IBM makes maxicomputers, minicomputers, and microcomputers.

Maxicomputers The first maxicomputer that was mass-produced was the Univac 1. It was built in 1951 by the Remington Rand company, which is now part of Unisys.

The Univac 1 is no longer built. Now most maxicomputers are souped-up versions of the IBM System/360, which IBM announced in 1964. IBM called it the “360” because it could handle the “full circle” of computer applications, instead of just science applications or just business applications. In 1970, IBM invented a souped-up version (called the IBM System/370) and then further improvements.

IBM’s newest maxicomputer is the IBM System/390. It understands the same commands as the IBM 360 and IBM 370 but performs them faster and understands extra commands. The newest version of the IBM System/390 is called the Generation 6 (G6).

Since IBM’s first popular maxicomputers were colored blue, IBM is nicknamed “Big Blue”.

IBM sells more maxicomputers than all IBM’s competitors combined.

During the 1960’s, maxicomputers were made by eight companies, called “IBM and the Seven Dwarfs”. The dwarfs were Burroughs, Univac, NCR (which stood for National Cash Register), Control Data, Honeywell (whose original factory was next to a well), RCA (which stood for “Radio Corporation of America”), and General Electric.

In 1970, General Electric sold its computer division to Honeywell. In 1971, RCA’s computer division shut down. That left just five dwarfs, whose initials spelled the word BUNCH. Cynics said that maxicomputers were made by “IBM and the BUNCH”.

IBM’s top engineer (Gene Amdahl) and Control Data’s top engineer (Seymour Cray) both quit and started their own computer companies, called Amdahl and Cray.

During the 1980’s and 1990’s, each company in the BUNCH disintegrated: Burroughs merged with Univac to form Unisys; NCR was bought by AT&T (but then split away from AT&T and became independent again); Control Data stopped building computers; and Honeywell sold its computer division to a French company, Bull.

Since maxicomputers are big and old-fashioned, they’re called dinosaurs — and so are the folks who use them. When maxicomputer manufacturers merge, to form bigger conglomerate companies, the merger is called dinosaur mating.

While the BUNCH was disintegrating, a Japanese company (Hitachi) started building maxicomputers that imitate IBM’s.

Microcomputers The most popular microcomputers are made by 4 companies:

IBM sells mainly by having its salespeople phone big corporations.

Hewlett-Packard (HP) sells mainly through retail stores.

Dell and Gateway sell mainly by mail-order ads in computer magazines.

Their microcomputers all resemble an old personal computer called the IBM PC, so they’re called IBM-compatible PCs (or IBM PC clones).

IBM-compatible PCs were also made by a big company called Compaq. HP bought Compaq in 2002.

You can buy an IBM-compatible PC from smaller companies that charge less, such as ABS and its NuTrend division (which sell mainly by mail-order ads in Computer Shopper magazine and on the Internet).

The strangest microcomputer manufacturer is Apple. Apple’s first computer was called the original Apple. Then came the Apple 2. Now Apple sells a newer computer instead, called the Macintosh (Mac). Apple’s computers all dare to be different: they are not IBM-compatible.

During the 1970’s and 1980’s, many people bought computers made by Commodore, Atari, Texas Instruments, Timex Sinclair, and Tandy’s Radio Shack; but those companies have stopped manufacturing computers.

Minicomputers Instead of buying minicomputers, most companies buy microcomputers (which are pleasantly cheap) or maxicomputers (which are pleasantly powerful). But some minicomputers are still sold.

The first popular minicomputers were made by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). DEC’s earliest minicomputers were called PDP computers; then came an improved version (called the Vax, which was a very powerful server), then came an even faster version (called the Alpha).

In 1998, DEC was bought by Compaq, which mainly built microcomputers instead. In 2002, Compaq was bought by HP.

Another company that builds minicomputer servers is IBM.

The most popular graphics/engineering workstations are minicomputers built by Californians: HP, Silicon Graphics Incorporated (SGI), and Sun (which was started by Stanford University students and stands for “Stanford University Network”). Sun’s computer, called the Scalable Processor ARChitecture computer (SPARC computer), can also be used as an Internet server.

What’s popular? Here’s the surprising truth.

Of all the general-purpose computers sold today in the world,

6% are personal computers built by IBM,

18% are clones by Hewlett-Packard,

14% are clones by Dell,

4% are clones by Gateway,

52% are clones built by a wide variety of other manufacturers,

4% are Macs (built by Apple),

the remaining 2% are weird (maxicomputers, minicomputers, strange microcomputers)

Since percentages bob up and down by 2% each month, I’ve rounded all those percentages to the nearest 2%.

In the USA, Dell is much stronger.

Of all the general-purpose computers sold today in the USA,

6% are personal computers built by IBM,

22% are clones by Hewlett-Packard,

28% are clones by Dell,

6% are clones by Gateway,

32% are clones built by a wide variety of other manufacturers,

4% are Macs (built by Apple),

the remaining 2% are weird (maxicomputers, minicomputers, strange microcomputers)

Though IBM sells fewer computers than Hewlett-Packard and Dell, IBM makes huge profits because:

IBM sells fancy computers that are big and expensive

IBM sells mainly computer services, rather than just computers

Standard computers

Computers come in all shapes and sizes, but during the 1990’s a new standard arose. Now most computers being sold meet this standard — and cost about $1,000 (so they are microcomputers).

Prices can vary. The fastest such computers cost more than $1,000: you can pay up to $3000. The slowest such computers cost less than $1,000: you can pay as little as $500.

A standard computer includes the following parts.…

The main part is a box called the system unit. If the system unit is tall, it’s called a tower; if the system unit is wide instead, it’s called a desktop unit.

The typical tower is about 17 inches tall (and just 8 inches wide).

The typical desktop unit is about 17 inches wide (and just 6 inches tall).

Since a tower (17"´8") is slightly bigger than a desktop unit (17"´6"),

a tower costs slightly more (and can contain more goodies).

Regardless of whether you buy a tower or a desktop unit,

the distance from the front to back is 16½ inches.

If you buy a desktop unit, put it on your desk. If you buy a tower instead, erect it on the floor under your desk, next to one of the desk’s legs. Men are particularly proud of their towering erections next to the legs.

8 cables What comes out of your rear? Since this is a family publication, I’m not supposed to answer that question, but I can tell you this: out of the system unit’s rear come 8 cables.

One of those cables is called the power cord. It goes to the electrical outlet socket in the room’s wall (or to a power strip connected to that outlet). That cable feeds power to the computer.

One cable goes to the keyboard, which looks like a typewriter’s keyboard. To send a message to the computer, type the message on the keyboard. A standard computer keyboard contains 104 keys, which let you type all the letters of the alphabet, all the digits, all the punctuation symbols, and other symbols too. Some of the keys are for editing: they help you edit what you typed.

One cable goes to the monitor, which looks like a TV set: it contains a screen that shows the words you typed, the computer’s answers, and pictures.

One cable goes to the mouse, which is a small box about the size of a pack of cigarettes. If you slide the mouse across your desk, an arrow moves across your monitor’s screen. So to move the screen’s arrow, slide the mouse! To manipulate an object on the monitor’s screen, slide the mouse until the screen’s arrow moves to that object; then press the mouse’s left button.

One cable goes to the printer, which is a box that prints on paper.

One cable goes to stereo speakers, so the computer can produce sound effects, play music, sing, and talk to you!

The final two cables are phone cords. One of them goes to your telephone; the other goes to the telephone jack in your room’s wall. By using those cables, the computer can make phone calls: it can phone other computers (such as computers that are on the Internet), chat with them, make love to them, and control your phone calls too!

Altogether, the standard computer includes:

the system unit

a keyboard, monitor, mouse, printer, speakers, and cables from them to system unit

power cords from wall (or power strip) to the system unit, monitor, and printer

phone cords from the system unit to the phone and to the wall’s phone jack

Advertised price When you buy a computer, the advertised price includes most of those items: it typically includes the system unit, computer keyboard, mouse, and pair of stereo speakers. But the printer is not included in the advertised price: it costs extra.

Does the advertised price include the monitor? To find out, read the ad carefully!

If you’re lucky, the ad says “monitor included”. If the ad says “monitor optional” instead, which means the monitor is not included in the advertised price and costs extra.

Fortunately, ads from mail-order companies usually say the monitor is “included”. But ads from local stores usually say the monitor is not included in the advertised price: the monitor is “optional” and costs extra. If a mail-order company and a local store each advertise a computer for $1000, the mail-order company is probably offering a better deal, since the mail-order price probably includes the monitor, while the local store’s price does not.

Extras If your computer is extra-fancy, three extra cables come out of the system unit’s rear:

A cable goes to a microphone (mike), which lets you feed sounds into the computer. If you talk and sing into the mike, the computer can make digital recordings of your speech and performance, analyze them, and react accordingly!

A cable goes to a scanner, which is a box that you can shove a sheet of paper into; the scanner reads what’s on the paper and tells the computer what the paper said. If you rip an article out of a newspaper and feed it into the scanner, the scanner will transmit the newspaper’s article to the computer, so the computer can analyze what’s in the newspaper’s article and become a smarter computer! If you feed a photo into the scanner, the scanner will transmit the photo to the computer, and the photo will appear on the computer’s screen.

If your computer is part of a local-area network, a network cable goes to other computers that are part of the network.

Summary In a standard computer system, the main box is called the system unit. Cables run out the back of it to other computer devices, called external peripherals, such as the keyboard, monitor, mouse, printer, speakers, and — if your system is fancy — a microphone and scanner.

Ports On the system unit’s back wall, you’ll see many sockets to plug cables into. Each of those sockets is called a port. Here’s what the 10 most important ports look like (on a standard IBM-compatible PC):

Whose cable plugs into port Port’s name Port’s appearance

keyboard keyboard port circle, with 5 round pinholes in it

monitor video port D shape, with 15 round pinholes in it

modern mouse PS/2 mouse port circle, with 6 round pinholes in it

traditional mouse 9-pin serial COM1 port D shape, with 9 pins in it

modern scanner USB port rectangle with 4 wires in it

printer or traditional scanner parallel printer LPT1 port D shape, with 25 round pinholes in it

phone on your desk phone jack square with 4 wires in it, labeled “PHONE”

phone jack on room’s wall modem port square with 4 wires in it, labeled “LINE”

speakers speaker jack 1 big round pinhole, next to loudspeaker pic

microphone microphone jack 1 big round pinhole, labeled “MIC”

Unfortunately, the speaker jack has the same shape as the microphone jack. Make sure you don’t mix them up! If you accidentally plug a speaker into the microphone jack, you’ll hear a loud buzz!

The phone jack has the same shape as the modem port, but many computers still work even if you mix up those ports.

All the other ports are safer: they have different shapes to prevent mix-ups.

Setup Setting up the computer is easy! Just plug the cables into the components and ports, and you’re done!

think before u speak...

2011-01-17T22:46:00.000-08:00

yes it is effective to say dear that .....
think before you speak.....

new links of computer sites

2011-01-05T22:08:00.000-08:00

Great Ethernet cards.

Adaptec.

The SCSI People.

Apple Corporation.

Yes they make computers.

Graphics Cards.

Matrox.

Video Cards - Real good ones.

ATI Corporation.

Video Cards - Good ones.

Diamond Multimedia.

Video Cards - More good ones.

Micron Computer.

Good Computers at a good price.

Processors.

AMD.

The processor alternative.

Intel.

The processor people.

Cyrix.

The other processor people.

links of computer sites

2011-01-05T22:07:00.000-08:00

Creative Labs (Sound Blaster cards).

The only choice in sound cards.

Linux Installation and Getting Started.

A nice guide to UNIX.

Lotus.

The Company Not the Car. From Ami Pro to Lotus 123.

TC Computers.

Motherboards - Hard drives. Great place to shop for a motherboard

Hard Drives.

Western Digital

The Hard Drive Manufatuer.

Seagate

The Hard Drive Manufatuer.

US Robotics

The Modem people. The best there is.

Farallons Home Page.

The Networking People.

Promise Technology, Inc.

The Hard drive Controller People.

Asante Corp.

More Networking People.

Microsoft.

Bill Gates at his best.

Symantec Corp.

Peter Norton. The best in utilites and alternative desktops.

PC Magazine.

A ZIF Davis Press favorite.

Computer Shopper.

The fatest computer Magazine to date.

3Com Corporation.

its last of hardware

2011-01-03T23:22:00.001-08:00

* Protocols: Networks protocols information.
* Red & Blackness Mods: Website devoted to case modding.
* Repair FAQ: Website full of tips and explanations about CDs and DVDs and how to repair these consumer electronics devices.
* SCSI Connectors FAQ: Website with all SCSI connectors descriptions.
* Semico: Countless researchs about the memory market.
* Sharky Extreme: PC hardware articles, news and reviews.
* Silent PC Review: Thorough, sophisticated articles and reviews of acoustics and noise in all kinds of computing products.
* Storage Review: Everything about data storage.
* Sudhian Media: PC hardware news and articles.
* System Optimization PC Hardware and Performance Guide
* T-Break: PC hardware news and reviews. Number one in the Middle East.
* TheBestCaseScenario: Website dedicated to case modding.
* Tech Advice: A lot of PC hardware technical infomation.
* Tech Seed: Collects and publishes summaries from all hardware reviews around the web.
* Techware Labs: PC hardware articles, news and reviews.
* TechTastic: Articles, news and reviews about hardware.
* Testfreaks: A database of product information and reviews.
* TestSeek: Search engine for you to find reviews published around the web about a given product.
* The Inquirer: News, rumors and tendencies of the computer market.
* The Firmware Page: Firmwares for make you DVD units and recorders regions-free.
* The TCP/IP Guide: The most comprehensive guide about TCP/IP.
* The Moditory: PC news and reviews.
* The Red Hill CPU Guide: Website with technical information and pictures of processors, from the old models up to the latest releases.
* The Register: News, rumors and tendencies of the computer market.
* The Tech Zone: Articles and reviews about PC hardware and consumer electronics products.
* Technick.net: The premiere internet source for cables and connectors pinouts. General guides and information about electronic hardware.
* Tom's Hardware Guide: One of the first PC hardware reviewing websites.
* TweakTown: PC hardware news and reviews.
* U-Geek
* USB: Official website of the USB bus.
* Ultimate Hardware: News, reviews and press releases about PC hardware.
* VESA
* VIA Arena: How to guides, technology information and VIA drivers.
* Viking Reviews: Danish website about computer hardware.
* Virtual-Hideout.net: PC News, Reviews, and Articles. Home of the Worlds Largest Case Gallery!
* Viper's Lair: PC hardware reviews.
* VSLI Microprocessors: Info about CPUs from the past, present and future.
* X-Bit Labs: In-depth PC hardware news, articles and reviews.
* XSReviews: Hardware reviews.
* WebHQ: Manuals for very old motherboards.
* WhatIsMyIP: Finds out what IP address you are using for Internet surfing.
* Wim's BIOS Page: Everything about BIOS and setup.
* Wikihowto: How identify an unknown integrated circuit thru its logo.

digital links of hardware

2011-01-03T23:21:00.002-08:00

* Form Factors: Website containing the official specs for ATX and BTX motherboards and power supplies.
* Futurelooks: Articles, news and reviews about PC hardware.
* eCoustics: Search engine for electronics reviews - audio/video, hi-fi, computers and more.
* eTeknix: News and reviews about PC hardware, including videos reviews.
* ExtremeOverclocking: PC hardware articles, news and revies.
* eXtreme Power Supply Calculator: Calculate which power supply you will need with this calculator.
* Geekshelter: PC hardware articles, news and reviews.
* HardCoreWare: PC hardware news and reviews.
* Hardwarejournal: Website witch news and reviews about hardware, in German.
* HotHardware: PC hardware reviews.
* Hack a Day: This website shows crazy hacks that you can do on electronics products, such as instally a floppy disk drive on a Game Boy, how to use a hard drive to lockpick locks and a lot more.
* HardOCP: Articles and reviews about 3D video boards and new CPUs.
* Hardware Book: Description of all connectors used on the PC.
* Hardware Forumz.com: Hardware community resource.
* Hardwarespot.de: German and International hardware news every day.
* Hartware.net: One of Germany's oldest and biggest independent hardware magazines.
* Heatsink Guide: A website completely devoted to heatsink and fans. Indispensable reading for overclocking lovers.
* HyperTransport Consortium: HyperTransport bus official technical specs.
* iGadget Life: Really interesting site about gadgets, cell phones, digital cameras and LCD monitors.
* Intel 4004 — 35th Anniversary Project : In-depth info, including schematics, of the world's first CPU, the Intel 4004.
* JonnyGURU: Website fully dedicated to reviewing power supplies.
* LaptopVideo2Go: Website with the latest nVidia video drivers modified to work with any laptop computer.
* MajorGeeks: The latest downloads to tweak, repair, diagnose or just tinker with your computer.
* Measurement Lab: Created by Google, this tool tests your internet connection speed and also run some diagnostics to if there is something reducing your speed.
* Memory Implementers Forum: Countless technical information about RAM memories.
* Mike's Hardware: A database with release date and main features of the main PC hardware products, such as processors, graphics chips and chipsets.
* MonitorWorld: Technical specs from more than 2,000 video monitors.
* Motherboards.org: Everything about motherboards.
* MTBF: Explanation and Standards: Excellent white paper about MTBF that points out the most common misconceptions.
* MVKTech: Website dedicated to VGA BIOS upgrade and modding. It also publishes VGAs, coolers and memories reviews.
* Neoseeker: PC hardware articles, news and reviews.
* NTFS.com: Everything you need to know about NTFS file system.
* nForcersHQ: PC hardware articles, news and reviews, focused on nVidia products.
* NullModem: Everything you need to know about the connectors used by the ports found on a PC, including pin-out: serial, parallel, keyboard, USB, LAN, etc.
* OCModShop: Your source for reviews, guides and PC Modifications.
* OCWorkBench: PC hardware articles, news and reviews.
* OverclokersHQ : Hardware and gaming news and reviews.
* PC-100: Everything you need to know about PC100 memory specification.
* PC-Disk: Hard disk manuals, jumper configuration lists, etc.
* PC Guide: A complete online book explaining in depth everything about PC Hardware.
* PC Stats: PC hardware reviews, articles and news.
* PC Perspective: News and reviews about PC hardware plus a handy motherboard comparison tool.
* PCI-SIG: Website with the official specs for the PCI, PCI-X and PCI Express buses.
* PCShopTalk : PC hardware reviews.
* PLASMA Online: Website dedicated to PC hardware parts identification. Its hot feature is the identification of chips used in the PC, with lots of pictures.
* Power Supply Review Database: A complete power supply catalog with links to websites that reviewed them.
* Public Proxy Servers: A list of proxy servers on the web.
* Processor Spec Finder: List all technical specs from all Intel CPUs.
* ProjectPDA: PDA and Smartphone comparison, reviews, articles and news.

this is amazing links

2011-01-03T23:21:00.001-08:00

* 3DNow.net: Website dedicated to 3D tecnologies.
* 3D Sound Surge: Website dedicated to 3D audio
* 48bitLBA: Everything you need to know about the 128 GB hard disk drive limit on PCs.
* Adrian's Rojak Pot: Tutorials and articles about PC hardware. There you will find a fantastic tutorial about BIOS setup optimization.
* ADSL Forum: Info regarding ADSL modems.
* All Codecs and Decompressors: Complete list with the main existing codecs and where to download them.
* AMD Desktop Processor Quick Reference Guide: Listing with all technical features from all AMD CPUs.
* AMDZone: Technical information, news and more about AMD processors.
* Anand's Hardware Tech Page: World's premiere resource for PC hardware, it has great reviews.
* Ascully: Website dedicated to hardware, DVD, videogames and anime.
* Badcaps.net: Website dedicated to identification and repairing of motherboards with explosive capacitors. Read tutorial about this subject.
* Benchmark Reviews: Articles, news and reviews about PC hardware.
* Bit-tech: Excellent step-by-step tutorials about case modding.
* Bona Fide Reviews: PC hardware news and reviews.
* Byte Sized Reviews: PC hardware reviews.
* Capacitor Lab: Everything you need to know about capacitors, in order to help identifying bad capacitors.
* Casemodgod: PC Modding Site with Guides, Hardware Reviews, Forums and more!
* Choose a Laptop: Very interesting website with tutorials and recommendations on how to choose the correct laptop for you.
* Complete PCChips Support: Website containing BIOS and manuals for old PCChips motherboards.
* Compu-KISS: Sandy Berger's short and simple tips, tutorials, and technology reviews.
* Computercraft Upgrade and Repair PCs
* Computing On Demand: PC news and reviews.
* Connector Reference Chart: A guide with the pin-out of almost all cables and plugs used on the PC.
* ConXit: Tool for finding the correct cable/adaptor you need.
* Corsair Memory Basics: Tutorial from Corsair explaining everything you need to know about memories.
* CPU-World: Outstanding website containing processor specs with photos, specially from old CPUs.
* CPU Collection: A complete list of all CPUs released to date, with specs and pictures.
* DailyTech: Daily news about technology.
* Datasheet 4U: Search and download electronic components (such as transistors, integrated circuits, etc) datasheets in PDF format.
* Datasheet Locator: Search and download electronic components (such as transistors, integrated circuits, etc) datasheets in PDF format.
* Default Password List: List witch the default password for the main networking equipment available on the market.
* DesignTechnica: PC hardware news and reviews.
* Digital-Digest: Website about DVD, VCD, SVCD and MiniDVD.
* Digital Photography Review: News, reviews and information about digital cameras.
* DigiTimes: Daily news about the Asian hardware market.
* DLL-Files: Website containing the majority of Windows lost DLL files for downloading.
* Disk Unlocker: Utility for allowing access to hard drives bigger than 2 TB.
* Drivers Kit: Website containing several device drivers for download.
* Drivers Lab: Website containing several device drivers for download.
* Duplicator Guide: Website dedicated to CD and DVD duplicators, with news, articles and reviews.
* DivX-Digest: Website about DivX, ASF, WMV and MPEG-4.
* DVD FAQ: Everything you need to know about DVDs is here.
* DVD Forum: Forum that set DVD standards.
* DVDR-Digest: Website about DVD (DVD-R) recording.
* DVD-Recordable: DVD recording news and reviews.
* Everything USB: Everything about USB ports and peripherals, news and reviews.

Internet And Networking Items

2011-01-03T23:19:00.004-08:00

* Atlanta Radio Club Equipment and Photos from Atop the BankAmerica Tower
* Build a Multiple Tuner Personal Video Recorder (Tivo Clone) for HDTV use.
* Cisco AP342, AP352 Access Points for use with Home Hotspots and WISPs (2 JAN 04)
* Dual WAN, Multi WAN Routers> Are there some RELIABLE units out there? (Jan 06)
* Dynamic DNS, Mailservers and Websites, How to set up the DDNS server
* Internet Availability in USA and European Hotels (OCT 08)
* Voice Over Internet Protocol>VOIP> How does it work from Overseas to the USA?
* Wireless LAN brand/model operational comments by Joe and Jack (2 JAN 04)

Other (Non GPS) Features

2011-01-03T23:19:00.003-08:00

* Aplus.net -A Webhosting company we advise you avoid
* Chihuly in the Garden -The Atlanta Botanical Garden
* EDKO SSL SSW MSW Gate Operator Electrical Repairs and Parts- by Joe Mehaffey
* Energy Independance: Has the USA lost the Will to Achieve it? by Joe Mehaffey
* Heat Pumps> "Intelligent" defrost cycle permits operation down to 20F and below - by Joe M
* Humor: Sometimes you GPS enthusiasts get too uptight and need a break
* Jack's Adobe Photoshop Elements, Quick Learn -With Professional Hints
* Jack's Digital Camera Resolution Test Procedures (24 NOV 04)
* Jack's Digital Printer Resolution Test Procedure and Evaluation of Several Printers (12 SEP 03)
* Jack's Georgia Aquarium Photos -The Largest Aquarium in the World (JAN 06)
* Jack's Motor Generator Set - Provides 33 amps (maximum continuous) at 120 volts
* Jack's Quick Recovery from a Hard-drive Failure using Acronis True Image 11 ( AUG 08)
* Joe's Computer and Ham Radio Equipment for sale
* Joe's Home Building and Repair Articles
* Joe's 12 KW DADI diesel electric generator (Product Review with Pictures)
* Joe's 24 KW Perkins ElectroPak/MECC-ALTE EC0-28-L2 diesel Generator with Pictures
* Local Area Networks (LAN) -Instructions and Hardware considerations (3 FEB 01)
* Lookout Portable (talking) Security Systems -One of our website's sponsors
* HI Solutions -Color Graphics Building Automation Equipment> One of our website's sponsors
* Miscellaneous (non GPS) Facts, Opinions, and Information (updated frequently)
* NON-GPS Products we LIKE and DISLIKE and Why
* SPAM: How to get rid of it WITHOUT resorting to an "anti-spam" email address
* THERN 4WS Winch Wiring Diagrams
* WSTIAC -Enabling Warfighters to Better Defend our Nation (link)
* I've been Thistled! > Avoid this if you can.

Links to Vendors (Dealers)

2011-01-03T23:19:00.001-08:00

* USA and Canadian Dealers
* EUROPEAN GPS Dealers
* Oceania (Australia/Asia)

Links to GPS Software Products

2011-01-03T23:18:00.006-08:00

* Airplane Flight Planning: Computer mapping program assists in planning all facets of a GA flight plan
* Aviation Flight Planning Software for various GPS Receivers
* GPS for the BLIND: Sendero's talking map system can provide help in USA and Canada
* GPS Track Loggers: Portable data loggers can log your position every second
* GPSWarn -Enter your name and address into your Garmin GPS instead of the Warning Page
* NMEAgent -MicraTek's freeware averages position, computes DOP and more
* Satellites: How do I compute exactly WHERE they are from Almanac data? Use ALM2TLE (zip file)
* SA Watch with DGPS via the INTERNET (GPS Data Logging Software)

Links to Accessories

2011-01-03T23:18:00.005-08:00

* Arkon Resources -Mobile-mounting Specialists, Alternate mountings for Garmin, TomTom, Magellan, and Others
* Automatic and Autonomous control of flight for model aircraft, parafoils: Who makes equipment?
* Batteries -Who sells them at good prices
* Blue Hills Innovations (Connectors and Cables for Garmin GPS units)
* EarthMate to NMEA data converter module -Makes EarthMate work with non-Delorme map programs
* Gilsson Technologies -Active Antennas, Cables, GPS Cases, Data Cards, and GPS Auto Mounts
* GPS Screen protectors - Invisible Shield's thin sheets can protect GPS screens from scratches
* Jose Ramos -Garmin GPS Cables, Antennas, APRS and PDA Cables, RAM Mounts and Other
* Pfranc.com - Garmin connectors for "make your own" Garmin cables
* National Products Corp (dba RAM) -Mounting Systems for GPS Receivers
* SewellDirect.com, USB-to-Serial Adapters plus other Accessiries for your Computer
* Wolfe's (Ron) GPS Accessories -Antennas, Cables, Mounting Brackets and such.

Links to GPS Hardware Manufacturers

2011-01-03T23:18:00.003-08:00

* Car Navigation Systems - Vendors of Automobile Navigation and Tracking Systems
* CasioWrist GPS: 12 channel unit with up to 3 hour battery life
* CRS -Center for Remote Sensing, Providing Advanced Research and Development
* Garmin International -Receivers
* GPS Equipment Manufacturers - A very extensive listing
* Lowrance, Eagle -Receivers
* Magellan, Thales -Receivers
* TinyTracker: Inexpensive kit allows Ham Radio types to convert GPS to vehicle tracker
* u-blox:GPS Receiver Chipsets, Modules, Boards, and Antennas

Links to GPS Information Sites

2011-01-03T23:18:00.001-08:00

* Aviation GPS Information Available Here
* Aviation GPS Information Available Here Too
* Build your own GPS with Doug Baker's OPEN SOURCE Project
* Garmin GPS -Tricks, Tips, Work Arounds, Hints, Secrets and Ideas
* Geography Resources from the Mining Company
* GeoCaching: Use your GPS in a worldwide "stash" locating game
* GPS Action Replay -Use with Windsurfing and Other Sports
* GPS Atheletes -A website for athletes that train and race with GPS devices
* GPS Navigation Watch -Navigation News, Information, Product Reviews and Analysis
* GPS Speedsurfing! -A New Water Sport for Windsurfers
* GPS-TOUR -Free GPS Worldwide Tour File-Sharing Platform (Hiking, Horseback Riding, Skiing (etc.)
* GPSTracklog.com -GPS Reviews, News, Tips. and Tricks. GPS Mapping, Make Your Own Maps
* Italiano: Informazioni e tutorial in Italiano sui GPS Garmin da Massimo D'Eramo
* LaptopGPSWorld.com -GPS Navigation on Laptops, Tablet PCs, and UMPCs, (Discussion Group)
* Learn How a GPS System Operates -By CarsDirect
* Peter Bennett's GPS Index, Vancouver
* Sam Wormley's Comprehensive GPS Info Site
* Spanish: Pagina GPS Espanola: GPS information in Spanish available here

Links to Third-Party GPS Intermediate Software

2011-01-03T23:17:00.004-08:00

* 3-D Plots by Height -Both 2-D Profiles and Complete Rotateable 3-D Plots for Viewing at Different Angles
* 3-D Plots of GPS Tracks -A few Pointers (14 MAY 04)
* APRS -Automatic Packet Reporting System -Reports your position automatically via Radio
* Aviation Data Base Management software for Garmin Units
* Aviation Data Base for Magellan 315/320 puts FAA data in Consumer GPS -by Brian Wade
* Cetus GPS software for Palm Computers: Present position, tracklogging, GIS (no maps)
* CUESoft GPS .NET Control MicroSoft *.NET interface for GPS receivers to NET software
* DSH electronics (Software program that controls any map with GPS; incl. speech)
* EasyGPS (free) is an easy way to create, edit, and transfer waypoints and routes
* ExpertGPS displays your waypoints, routes, and tracks on Terraserver USGS topo maps and aerial photos
* Eye4Software -GPS Tool Kit for NMEA Serial Protocol Products (Link)
* Fugawi (Scanned, DRG, and BSB Charts)
* G7TO Programs (DOS/Win95/NT) -Up/Downloads for Garmin and Lowrance data to Street Atlas 4 thru 9
* Garmin GPS Extension - Provides Ability to Transfer Data Between ArcView GIS and a Garmin GPS
* GARTrip -Upload/download to Garmin Receivers, convert GPS data formats, prints waypoints, routes, tracks
* Geovative Solutions -Create and Share GPS TOURS w/Images/Audio/Text & Downloads to GPS Devices
* Gmap4 -Google Maps + Topographic, Free. Display GPX, KML, KMZ, TPO, and Google MyMap files
* GPSS -GPS Software from Sunninghill, Maps for 110 Countries, Speaks in 11 languages
* GPS Altitude Chart -Create elevation profiles from tracklogs, save them as PDF/PNG.
* GPSMonitor -Records and displays NMEA data. Also shows your location on a Google Map
* GPSed.com -Mapping Your Impressions, pin photos to a map at a place where they were taken
* GPS TrackMaker -Edits Tracklogs, and Waypoints for Magellan, Garmin, Lowrance, & MLR Receivers
* GPS Utilities -Edit Garmin MapSource Maps (Part 1) (Part 2) by Newham (Jul 03)
* GPS Utility -Up/download to Garmin,Magellan,& Lowrance, datum conversion, data management, and mapping
* GPS Visualizer -Plots Profiles and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) plots from GPS tracklogs and waypoints
* GPS Watch by iNTERCHAIN Solutions -Turn your cell phone into a professional GPS Receiver
* GPSy (Macintosh)
* Karen's GPS Software Listings (MAC/PC/Newton/etc)
* MacGPS Pro Software from L.W. James Associates
* MAC upload and download software for Garmin GPS receivers -GPS CONNECT
* MapToasterTopo -Complete New Zealand Topographic and Air Photo Mapping Solution for GPS
* Novlum Urban Horizon -See 3-D Maps and Navigation on Windows Mobile Pocket PC and Smartphone
* MyGPS -Freeware, Manage Waypoints, Track Profiles, and Routes on Scanned Maps
* NEMA Simulator, GPS Simulator and Dead Reckoning Software for GPS Developers> by Sailsoft.NL
* Ozi Explorer (Scanned, BSB, and DRG Maps) Now supports Area Calculations and Trackpoint Editing
* PanTerra Software: Waypoint Management Software for Garmin/Magellan GPS has 1.6 Million Waypoints
* QuakeMap overlays GPS tacks, waypoints, Digital Camera photos, on Terraserver aerial and topo maps
* PCWize GPX Generator -Use for Geocaches or to Share files with Others
* Tracks 4 Africa -Tracks and waypoints for direct download in widely accepted fileformats.
* USAPhotoMaps -Download Aerial/Topo Images at Selected Waypoints -Instructions
* WindmillData Collection software Logs Data from GPS and Other Sensors to Computer
* Wissenbach Map3D (free) Rrecord your hiking and mountain bike trips on DRG maps

GPS hardware and PDA mapping software

2011-01-03T23:17:00.003-08:00

* General Index to PDAs that support GPS.
* Cetus GPS software for Palm Computers: Present position, tracklogging, GIS (Link)
* Delorme Street Atlas Vector and 3-D GPS Maps (Link)
* Destinator 3 Personal Navigation System -by Crile Carvey
* Garmin iQue 3600-Palm OS5 Based GPS plus PDA system -Review (OCT 03) by Dale
* i-gotU -Share your Adventures and Mapped Photos Over the Internet with Family & Friends
* Navio -Access to all the information from your GPS receiver on your Pocket PC
* Nobeltec (Marine navigation software (Link)
* Palm OS Palm OS Navigation Topics -Information, Links, and Reviews by Dale DePriest
* PocketPC and WinCE Hardware and Software -Links, Information, and Reviews by Dale DePriest
* Psion Software -Links to Multiple Sites, Moving Map, Garmin Protocol, NMEA (APR 99)
* Recreational Grade GPS Receivers and Digital Topo Software for PDAs -by Fryar
* Vista (Scanned, Vector, and Flight Sectional Charts (Link)

GPS Instructions

2011-01-03T23:17:00.001-08:00

* ArcScripts: How do I download my Garmin data into ArcView? Here is a solution
* Aviation GPS: An Airline Pilot gives instruction on how to use a GPS for airplane navigation (Link)
* Backcountry Guide for GPS Users -How to Hike with your GPS -Book Review (9 NOV 98)
* Boating with GPS: John Bell tells us How to use a GPS for small boat navigation (link)
* Create and Upload Custom Maps to Uniden Mystic and Possibly other Magellan Units -by Todd Mesewicz
* Firmware Update Failed, and my GPS does not work. What do I do now? (10 SEP 02)
* Garmin "foot" won't mount on my Curved Dash. Jonathan Weber tell how. (6 JUN 02)
* Garmin GPS-12XL Low Memory Battery Warning -A Possible Solution (1 OCT 02)
* Garmin MapSource Maps: How do I install and operate the program on my computer? (Link)
* Garmin USER's MANUAL - "Working with Garmin GPS Receivers", by Dale DePriest
* GPS use by Commercial Airline Pilot: A transport pilot tells us his experiences (12 JUN 00)
* GPS Antennas: Want to build your own? (Link)
* G7TO/Garmin PVT Protocol Activate, View, Record; Includes Vert.-Vel. Readout (20 AUG 98)
* Macintosh: How to use your Garmin GPS with a Mac. by Ben Sinclair (JAN 07)
* MACintosh upload/download to Garmin GPS receivers -How to do it by Rick Klain (JAN 05)
* Magellan330M function Flow Chart makes it easier to use your M330M, (MS.Word Doc) (27 AUG 01)
* Ozi Explorer -Edit, Move, Delete, Bogus Trackpoints and Tracklines, Calculate Areas (2 AUG 04)
* Pseudorange Data Processing: You can do it with a Garmin consumer model GPSR (17 JAN 02)
* Street Atlas -Useful Tips on Enhancing Laptop and Printing Visibility (3 APR 99)
* SA Watch (Data Logger) -Setup and Operating Instructions (10 JUN 01)
* Test your GPSto Computer Serial Connection using Windows 98 Hyper Terminal (11 JUL 00)
* TrackView -by Brent Hildebrand Converts MapSource Maps into a Moving-Map Display (17 APR 01)
* USB to SERIAL connection for your GPS -How to make the connection by Steven Hitch (link)

GPS Information

2011-01-03T23:16:00.000-08:00

* Airliners and GPS - Is it Safe for me to use my GPS on a Passenger Airliner?
* Antenna Pattern of your GPS antenna -Measure and Plot yours using this program. (Link)
* Antennas for GPS Receivers- Patch and Helix typical Specification Sheets (10Oct02)
* Antenna for GPS Receivers- A Turnstile Antenna you can build, from ARRL (4 NOV 02)
* Averaging Waypoints -How long do I have to average to improve accuracy of my GPS fix?
* Battery Operational Durations for Lithium, Alkaline, and NiMH AA Cells in the SporTrak Color (Link)
* Batteries: Technical information on Lithium, Alkaline, Mn and other battery types (Link)
* Airlines which Approve or Disapprove GPS use during flights (Undated Frequently)
* Boeing Service Letter -Consumer electronic equipment use on Boeing Aircraft (3 MAR 01)
* Buoy Database: You can find links to various marine Buoy Databases via this link
* Coastline Profile Extractor for use with OziExplorer and GPSUtility (Link)
* Compare GPS Sat Nav Systems -Extensive Information on Free GPS Software; Maps, and Hardware (Link)
* Consumer vs Military GPS Receivers in a JAMMING Environment (DEC 04)
* Dale DePriest's Index of GPS Information -A must see section of our website
* DATUM parameter conversion: 7 parameter to 3 parameter conversion by Eino Uikkanen (FEB 03)
* DGPS Services -Worldwide Listing of Available Services, Additional input Solicited (5 NOV 02)
* Error Measures: 1 sigma, 2 sigma, 3 sigma, 50%CEP, 2DRMS, 95% confidence? What does this mean?
* European Global Navigation Satellite System, Go-Ahead Announce (18 JUN 98)
* FAA's Modernization Plans -WAAS, GPS and other Safety and Efficiency Technology plans (Link)
* French speaking GPS news group: Where can I find one? (Link)
* Garmin CitySelect and CityNavigator- Where can I buy a USA version new or replacement?
* Garmin Data Field definitions: GPS data display definitions for Garmin GPS (25 MAR 00)
* Garmin eTrex: User Manual, Load additional Icons, Interface with OziExplorer and more (25 AUG 00)
* Garmin's European Map Coverage Detail Information (15 MAY 00)
* Garmin'sMap Error reporting form- Send Garmin info on any errors you find in their maps
* Garmin MapSource, Features Summary of R&R, USA Topo, and WorldMap CDs -Link (10 SEP 99)
* Garmin's Official Upload/Download Protocol in *.pdf [Adobe] format (Link)
* Garmin's Upload/Download Protocol: Definitions and Explanations (Link)
* Garmin's Out-of-Warranty Repair Policy -Explained (17 SEP 98)
* Garmin FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) (23 JAN 99)
* Garmin R&R file index: Enables you to select which files to load onto your hard drive -by Gary McMeekin
* Garmin SP MEMORY CHIP: Samsung NAND FLASH chip. Where can I find data sheets?(Link)
* Garmin Tracklogs - Which is Best for You? (15 SEP 00)
* Glossary of GPS and GIS Terms and other GPS Tutorial Information (Link)
* GPS Altitude -How Accurate? (10 FEB 01)
* GPS Cartoons -Do you have any to contribute?! (2 MAR 06)
* GPS -Flying on Commercial Airlines -Can I make my GPS work from a passenger seat? (11 NOV 98)
* GPS Navigation Message> Binary files let you test your decode algorithm by Craig Bailey (20 FEB 03)
* GPS Operation in Foreign Countries -Will I be Arrested? (12 OCT 98)
* GPS Receiver Accuracy -How accurate should I expect them to be? -A study by David Wilson (Link)
* GPS Receiver Accuracy -Scatter Plots by DLR (German) show error plots (Horiz/Vert) (Link)
* GPS Receivers: What does it take to make a typical model like the G-76S? EETimes tells us (LINK)
* GPS Sales Projections: Yearly sales history and projections (15 May 05)
* GPS Satellite RF Power Output? How many watts is it? (18 FEB 99)
* GPS Satellite ORBITS - How often are the satellites in exactly the same position? (19 FEB 99)
* GPS Speed: How fast can I go? How accurate is the speed readout? (17 OCT 99)
* GPS Time -Is it locked to UTC? How do they do that? (18 APR 99)
* GPS Voltage Input: What is the Input Voltage range for common GPS receivers?
* Hiking using your GPS: Cass Lewart tells how to do it (18 SEP 99)
* How Far North will my GPS operate? -Bill Straka gives us his experiences (26 MAR 99)
* Jack's 'Museum' Collection of 18 (working) Hand-held GPS Receivers from 1994 to 2005 (1.4MB)
* Jack and Joe - Why do they write all this stuff anyway? (MAY 07)
* Kalman Filters -Make your own by Andy La Varre (PDF) -Bring your Matrix Algebra Book (19 AUG 98)
* Kalman Filters-Sam Wormley's references and a simple explanation (28 SEP 98)
* Longitude 1 minute, Latitude 1 minute: How many meters is that? Sigurd Humerfelt tells us. (Link)
* Magellan (Official) Data Transmission Protocol v2.11 in WORD format or PDF format (MAR 03)
* Map Reading and Land Navigation Manual, US Army FM 3-25.26 (Link)
* MicroSoft AutoRoute (and other MS Mapping programs) won't connect to my GPS. What do I do?
* NMEA FAQ and Sentence Definitions -Links to multiple sources (4 OCT 98)
* NMEA checksums, sentence logger and other programming subroutines for GPS (Link)
* RS232C Voltage-Levels Standard (2 AUG 98)
* Rubber Banding Routes: What does this mean? Why would I want it? What GPS has it? (12 JAN 00)
* Selective Availability -View tracks when it was turned off on April 20, 1997 (4 JUN 02)
* StreetPilot Map Updates -What is Garmin's Policy and Price? (7 JUL 98)
* Surveying and GIS information news group -Go there (Link)
* Time Synchronization -Set your PC's Time-of-Day Clock using GPS and other Standards (1 AUG 98)
* Topo Maps Worldwide -Why are they so hard to find? (5 JAN 99)
* Waypoint Averaging: How much does this feature of a GPS improve accuracy of a waypoint? (Link)
* WHY don't you JUST ANSWER THE QUESTION??

Tutorial: How Does GPS Work

2011-01-03T23:15:00.002-08:00

* Colorado Hiking -GPS your personal navigation system (Link)
* Dale DePriest "How Does GPS Work?" from his Garmin Reference Manual
* Almanac and Ephemeris Data -What is it? (4 JUL 98)
* DGPS (Differential GPS) -What is it and how does it make a GPS receiver more accurate? (Link)
* DGPS explained- including WAAS by Dale DePriest
* DGPS (Poor Man's) -Why can't I use two regular GPS receivers to eliminate SA error? (15 AUG 98)
* DOP Demonstration site by Norris Weimer - How SV Geometry Affects GPS Accuracy
* DOP -Dilution Of Precision and HDOP and VDOP - What are they? (3 JUL 98)
* EPE -Estimated Probable Error -What is it? (23 MAY 98)
* FOM -Figure of Merit -What is it? (29 MAY 98)
* Global Positioning System Overviews, by Peter H. Dana (Link)
* GPS - A New Constellation - Smithsonian Institution's "LOW TECH" "How Does GPS Work" Website
* GPS operation and Tutorial book Recommended by Bill Straka (9 NOV 98)
* GPS Bearing to Next Waypoint versus Direction of Travel - Explanation (10 OCT 98)
* GPS's Clock Function and More Rollover Trivia (23 MAY 98)
* GPS "Compass" reads WRONG" -Why is that? (10 OCT 98)
* GPS Future: What improvements are coming our way in the next 3, 5, 10 years? Answers here (.doc file)
* GPS Navigation Satellite message format and protocol details, maintained by Ed Weston (Link)
* GPS Precision Timekeeping: Where can I get information and low cost equipment? (Link)
* GPS Receiver -How does it get a LOCK? -Tom Clark tells us (17 JUL 98)
* GPS Receivers -Where can I find block diagrams, schematics? How about descriptions to study?
* GPS Signal Specification Document -U. S. Coast Guard (Link)
* GPS Signal Tutorial -GPS Spread Spectrum and how carrier phase measurements are made (12 DEC 98)
* J. M. Zogg Publications -GPS Manuals and Tutorials, mostly in German, From 1996 to the Present (Link)
* LAAS: What is it and how does it work? (2 SEP 00)
* Learn Nuts and Bolts of GPS from a Power Point Presentation by Cass Lewart (1 JUN 02)
* Post Processing -Can I Post Process my NMEA data to achieve higher accuracy? (15 AUG 98)
* Relativity: How the motion of Earth and the GPS Satellites affect accuracy? (Deeper Theory)
* Russian GLONASS -Official Russian Defense Ministry Site (Link)
* Satellites- NASA java program lets you see a 3D view of 500+and click on each for identification
* Satellites -Where are they? Can I see them? Where do I look? (Link)
* Spread Spectrum Transmission -Frequency hopping, Direct Sequence, and CDMA -What are they? (Link)
* Trimble's Excellent "How GPS Works" (Link):
* WAAS: What is it and how does it work? (2 SEP 00)

new

2011-01-03T23:15:00.001-08:00

* Battery-drain measurements for several GPS receivers (13 AUG 06)
* Batteries -Should I use Alkaline, Lithium, NiCad, or NiMH batteries in my GPS? (12 NOV 00)
* Batteries: NiMH are probably the lowest cost long term solution for GPS use. (Link)
* Comparisons of Hand-held Screen Sizes, Pixels, and Resolution -by Matthew Birch (10 OCT 03)
* EOW fix for older model Garmin GPS Receivers -Quick fix to get your G45/G40/G38 working again
* Garmin Active Powered Antennas - A look at the different models (4 JAN 98)
* Garmin Data Cables: What are the Pinouts? (3 JUL 01)
* Garmin's diagnostic features - Mess with these and you may lose your data -by Dale (4 JAN 99)
* Garmin FAQs Including a LINK to the Garmin FAQ site
* Garmin Firmware (System Software) Archives, Allory Deiss' Cache of Older GPS firmware
* Garmin Firmware Revisions, Features, and Update/Upgrade costs and policy (Allory Deiss)
* Garmin GPS Receiver Feature Comparisons with comments by Dale DePriest updated frequently
* Garmin Icons for G-III+ in Graphic Form and Icon Number (Link)
* Garmin Internal Datum Storage -What Datum is output in GRMN and NMEA modes? (18 JUL 00)
* Garmin's official GPS Receiver MANUALS - Download yours from here (Link)
* Garmin GPS Receiver Manual: Dale's version tells you more in simple language.
* Garmin SP-III and G-V: How do I use MANUALLY generated routes: Courtesy GPS-Garmin.nl
* Garmin Signal Strength Bars -What do they tell me? (12 JUL 99)
* Garmin Simulator Mode -How to Initialize the Starting Point in the Garmin G-III and III+? (3 JAN 99)
* Garmin's WorldWide Warranty Policy -Explained (20 JAN 99)
* Garmin WAAS -Steps a Receiver Performs to Acquire the Geo-Stationary Satellites (23 JUL 02)
* Garmin Waypoints -Why don't they increment by filling in the holes in a sequence? (15 JUL 98)
* Garmin Waypoint Averaging -What is it and how does it work? (23 MAY 98)
* GPS Antenna and Sensitivity Comparisons How NOT to make the wrong conclusions. (4 JUL 98)
* GPS locks Quickly when my car is stopped and takes much longer when I am moving -Why? (5 AUG 99)
* GPS Maps: The maps in my GPS are not accurate. Why is that? (NOV 05)
* GPS signal strength bars -What do they mean when they are "hollow" or all black? (12 JUL 99)
* GPS won't lock, Signals look OK -What's wrong? (4 JUL 98)
* MAC computers and GPS receivers -How can I get them to communicate? (DEC 01)
* Magellan FAQ, version 2.0 (PDF) by Dan Surratt (OCT 03)
* Magellan Firmware Revisions, Features, and Updates (Allory Deiss)
* Magellan Firmware Revisions, Features, and Updates (Link)
* Magellan GPS Manuals: Where can I find them? Older units. Aussie distributor
* Magellan Undocumented Control Codes and Data Explanations (2 JUN 02)
* Memory Backup Battery problems in some Garmin GPS receivers (4 JUL 98)
* Map Memory -How much and how many segments do I need to load a whole CD worth? (Links)
* Maptech Iraq SD Card -Very Detailed Street-level Maps for Palm Devices
* MEMORY -How much do I need in my new GPS receiver (9 JUL 02)
* MGRS -Which handheld GPS receivers have MGRS? (2 AUG 04)
* Multipath: My GPS position (or speed) "jump around" and are not stable at times. WHY?
* Multiple Waypoint Messaging -Explained (4 APR 99)
* Nearest 9 Waypoints on Garmin GPS Units -Details (29 MAY 98)
* OnStar> Where is the GPS unit and how to I tap the NMEA signals? by Pete Carter (Link)
* Precision Mapping Streets Mapping Software
* Print Garmin MetroGuide generated routes: How do I do it? (29 JUN 02)
* RAIN, CLOUDS, fog, and snow: Do they affect my GPS signals? (28 DEC 01)
* ROAD LOCK -Which GPS receivers have this feature? (10 JUL 02)
* Routes and Tracks: What is the difference? (16 MAR 00)
* Trip Log -Why is my GPS travel log distance never exactly correct? (10 JAN 04)
* USA purchased GPS receivers Overseas -Can I buy in USA and use my GPS Overseas? (20 JUN 02)
* WAAS and its Relation to Enabled Hand-Held GPS Receivers (27 FEB 06)
* WAAS Operation: Your Questions Answered (3 JAN 02)
* WAAS Tutorial by Dale DePriest (4 JAN 02)
* Warm Start/Cold Start? What does this mean?
* WaterProofNess of Garmin Receivers -Garmin Engineering (MAY 97)
* WaterProofNess of Lowrance Receivers -Lowrance Engineering (14 JUL 98)
* What Happens when Diagnostics Page wipes out all Garmin Stored Data (23 MAY 98)
* Which GPS receivers can compute AREA/acreage when I walk a closed loop?(Updated 2008)
* Windows XP -How do I get Win XP to recognize my GPS? (16 MAY 02)
* Why Would I want a GPS Receiver and What Could I Do With It?

Geography -Maps, Datums, Waypoint Lists, Formulas

* ACCURACY> How to improve GPS accuracy by POST PROCESSING -by Jim Harris (Feb 2010)
* Above the Timber -High-resolution 24K Colorado Topographic Maps for Garmin G

Garmin Oregon

2011-01-03T23:14:00.002-08:00

Garmin Oregon 550 Camera Handheld Navigator
nuvi 7x5T
Garmin nüvi 7x5T Family With Enhanced Traffic
Navman N60i
Navman N60i-Car Navigator, 4.3" Diag.
Touchscreen with Camera

RoadMate 2000
Magellan RoadMate 2000 Car Navigator with Touch Screen
GPS User Manual
Dale's GPS Manual
Addendum
nuvi 760/780
nuvi 760/780 Adds Tracklog

Garmin Colorado
Garmin Colorado Handheld Navigator

FAQs Hardware
YES!... SA has been off since 12:04AM EDT May 2, 2000. Read about it HERE.

Hardware and Software Reviews

2011-01-03T23:14:00.001-08:00

* OLDER GPS Product Reviews for Discontinued, Obsolete, Obsolescent GPSRs
* An Early GPS Review -The First Published on these Pages (JAN 1997)
* Baja Expeditioner GPS maps of Baja Calififornia vs. WorldMap (NOV 05)
* Colorado and Washington 24K Topographic Maps for Garmin GPS -Review (08)
* Cruise on the Sea of Cortés and Rail Excursion to Mexico's Copper Canyon (02)
* Delorme StreetAtlas 2003 and the USB Earthmate GPS by C. Carvey (NOV 03
* Garmin BlueCharts with Comparisons to Other Nautical Charts (JAN 02)
* Garmin ForeRunner 201 Personal Trainer system by Sam Penrod (OCT 04)
* Garmin geko 101 -A 'Minimalist' Small Entry-Level GPS Receiver (APR 03)
* Garmin geko 201 -An 'Advanced' Small Entry-Level GPS Receiver (APR 08)
* Garmin GPSmap76/76S(Compass/Baro) Full Featured Receiver (APR 04)
* Garmin GPS-V offers Automatic routing in a small handheld (SEP 01)
* Garmin GPS-276C ChartPlotter/Car Navigator does both well by Wilson (04)
* Garmin iQue M5-Pocket PC Based GPS plus PDA system -by Dale (JUL 05)
* Garmin iQue 3600-Palm OS5 Based GPS plus PDA system -by Dale (OCT 03)
* Garmin Legend/Vista, feature rich, big map memory (JUL 02)
* Garmin MapSource Maps & GPS Units in Alaska and Canada Cruise (OCT 00)
* Garmin MetroGuide USA-4.0 as compared to CityNavigator/CitySelect (JAN 02)
* Garmin Modernize your GPS Interface -Add Bluetooth or USB (FEB 05)
* Garmin nRoute allows GPS Navigation on Laptop - by Sam Penrod (OCT 05)
* Garmin nuvi 350 Pocket Size Car Navigator/Talking Book/MP3 (DEC 05)
* Garmin Quest -Novel Mini Car Navigator with Rechargeable Battery (OCT 04)
* Garmin RINO combo GPS and RADIO broadcasts your location (NOV 02)
* Garmin StreetPilot III ColorMap: has Automatic Routing and Voice (MAR 01)
* Garmin StreetPilot 2610/20/50, Touchscreen Automatic Routing+Voice (OCT 04)
* Garmin StreetPilot 2720, TouchScreen AutoRouting, Traffic Radio (SEP 05)
* Garmin Topo U.S. 2008 -Compared to Other Topo Maps (JUL 07)
* Garmin USA Topo 24K Redwoods Nat. Parks Topo Maps -by Murray (AUG 06)
* Garmin USA Topo CDs, A Short Review and Examples (4 NOV 04)
* Garmin WorldMap v.4 Compared v. 3 and Magellan's WorldWide Map (FEB 07)
* GPS Car Navigators: How good are the maps? What are limitations? (JAN 04)
* GPS Rcvr Accuracy under tree cover for Garmin and Magellan units (Link)
* Handheld Computer+GPS Combination Power/Data cable powers both-Dale)
* Handheld Computers and PDAs convert into GPS Receivers -Dale
* Holux GM100 Mapping GPS Receiver, Available in Spain (APR 01)
* Infiniti QX4 Navigation System manufactured by Xanav by Phil Sherrod
* iPaq GPS using NavMan Sleeve and Maptech Topo maps by Dale (SEP 02)
* Lexus and BMW (year 2000) Auto Navigation System comments by Bob Aluska
* Lowrance iFinder GPS has 9999 trackpoints capability (MAY 02)
* Lowrance iWay 500c -A Large-screen, Automotive GPS, MP3 Music (OCT 05)
* Magellan Meridian Gold-GPS Mapping full featured at good price (DEC 02)
* Magellan Meridian now offers User-Selectable basemaps and 512meg Mem
* Magellan Platinum Mapping Receiver-Compass and Altimeter Review (DEC 02)
* Magellan RoadMate 300 Car Navigator Review by Larry Leviton (AUG 05)
* Magellan RoadMate 360 Car Navigator, Preloaded Maps, by Penrod (DEC 05)
* Magellan RoadMate 500 and 700 -Touchscreen Automatic Routers (JAN 04)
* Magellan SporTrak Color -Bright Screen and 3-Axis Compass (OCT 03)
* Magellan SporTrak Pro -A remarkably accurate small receiver (JAN 03)
* Magellan State Plane Coordinates -Displays all of US, Instructions (MAY 03)
* Magellan Topo USA Map -Can Display Topo, Profile, and Street Data (AUG 01)
* MapConnection's eTopo offers Canadian Topo maps-by Lloyd Bowles (JUN 02)
* Maptech Iraq SD Card -Very Detailed Street-level Maps for Palm Devices
* Maptech Terrain Navigator 3-D maps versus Delorme Topo USA 3.0 (01)
* Maptech Offshore Navigator Examples and Comparison to Ozi Explorer (01)
* Maps uploadable to GPS:Where can I get third party maps for my GPS?
* Maps: How can I scan my own maps and upload them into my GPS? (DEC 01)
* Mexico Maps -A Summary of the Available GPS and DRG Topo Maps of Mexico
* Mobile Re-Radiating Antenna aids GPS reception by Dale DePriest (8 MAR 03)
* MountainScope uses Flight Data and 3D Topo Maps to show Hazards to Flight
* Navman GPS Sleeve iPaq- Review including mapping software by Dale (02)
* Navman GPS ICN630 -Portable GPS Navigation for Vehicle Use (OCT 03)
* Navman Sport Tool R300 Training Aid by Allory Deiss (AUG 05)
* NavMan iPaq GPS-Smart Professional SW with Navman GPS by Dale (02)
* Motorcycle Mount for Garmin 2610 and 2650 Car Navigator by Michael Moore
* Pioneer NAV-SYS900DVD-large screen/good nav features-by Mohabir (02)
* Rayming BLUETOOTH GPS receiver Reviewed by Crile Carvey (APR 04)
* Route 66:European GPS Mapping Program has Automatic Route Generation
* StreetFinder Deluxe (Rand McNally) 2000 -Software Review by Dale
* Titan III remote amplified antenna works with most any GPS (JUL 04)
* TomTom Navigator 2 - by Dale DePriest (SEP 03)
* Tree Cover and GPS-Do I need an amplified external antenna? (Link)
* VDO Dayton MS5000: Automatic address Car Navigation has good display
* World Maps -We Compared Magellan and Garmin, You Decide (MAY 03)

new gps

2011-01-03T23:12:00.000-08:00

* Garmin nuvi 760/780 as Compared to the nuvi 660/680 -Features Added (MAR 08)
* Garmin nuvi 7x5T Family with Enhanced Traffic & Driving Displays (FEB 09)
* Garmin nuvi 1690 Perhaps the BEST Car Navigator to date by Penrod(DEC 09)
* Garmin OREGON 550 CAMERA touch Navigator by Sam Penrod (UpdateDEC 09)
* Garmin OREGON handheld touchscreen navigator by Sam Penrod (SEP 08)
* Garmin POI Loader -Load Custom POIs/proximity waypoints by Penrod (JAN 06)
* Garmin SP-i3 -Simplified, Miniature Car Navigator & Voice-by Tony Mactutis
* Garmin Spot Messanger 2 -Handheld Satellite Data Transmitter by Sam Penrod (AUG 10)
* Garmin StreetPilot c320/30/40, Simplified Touchscreen Navigator (MAR 06)
* Garmin StreetPilot c550 -FM Radio Traffic, Hands-free Phone, Automotive GPS
* Garmin StreetPilot c580 -MSN Direct/BlueTooth/Car Navigator-Penrod (JUN 07)
* Garmin StreetPilot 2820, XMradio/traffic&BlueTooth, Nice Unit by Penrod (06)
* Garmin StreetPilot 7200/7500-Large Screen, XM Radio Traffic &Weather Maps
* Garmin Third Party Map Program Paying Off for 15 new countries so far (Lnk)
* Garmin Vista/Legend Color -Compares the New Vista HCx to the Vista C (OCT 07)
* Garmin Vista HCx-New More Sensitive Rx, Full Featured, Nice-Penrod (OCT 07)
* Garmin zumo 550 -Designed for the Motor Bike, Bluetooth Audio (JUN 07)
* Global Mapper -Creates Garmin Custom Maps from 24K DRG maps quickly (JAN 10)
* GPS Users give their comments on their favorite new GPS receiver (Various)
* Lowrance Expedition c(+) -Compass, Barometer, MP3, Many Features (JUN 06)
* Lowrance iWay 350c -TouchScreen, PreLoaded Maps, with MP3 Music (JUN 06)
* Maptech U.S. Boating Charts on DVD -Very Affordable (MAY 06)
* Magellan DirectRoute, Automatic Routing Maps -Product Review (MAR 07)
* Magellan eXplorist 210/500/600/XL -With Geocaching Program (MAR 07)
* Magellan eXplorist 500LE - with MapSend Topo Maps by Leviton (FEB 07)
* Magellan MapSend Map Viewer -Requires IE to Enlarge Map Area Rectangles
* Magellan Meridian Color GPS Traveler Value Pack -by SeaJay Bayne
* Magellan RoadMate 760-Auto Car Navigatorwith "SayWhere" by Mactutis (JAN 06)
* Magellan RoadMate 800 -MP3 player and Picture viewer (FEB 06) -by Dale
* Magellan RoadMate 2000 -TouchScreen, Works Well - by Grogan (DEC 06)
* Magellan RoadMate 2200T-TouchScreen/Traffic Data- by Rahn (JAN 07)
* Magellan RoadMate 3050-TouchScreen, Traffic Info, by Sam Penrod (JAN 07)
* Magellan Topo 3D USA Map -A Hiker's Must-Have Program (MAR 07)
* Mexico Maps -Garmin 2008 and BiciMapas 2008 Maps are Much Improved (JUL 08)
* National Grid (USNG) -New Simplified Mapping Reference System for the US (NOV 10)
* Navimatics -Detailed Marine Charts Comparable to Garmin BlueCharts (JUL 08)
* Navman GPS ICN750 -Capable Car Navigator by Bruce Rahn (MAR 07)
* Navman N60i-Car Navigator, Camera, Works very well. by Rahn (MAR 07)
* North Pole Journey with Sarah Gilboe and her 'Ancient' Garmin Legend (FEB 09)
* PIG-Tones -Alternate Voices for the Garmin and Tom Tom Portable Car Units (MAR 10)
* SPOT 2 Personal Messenger & Locator reports position via Satellite (Penrod/Aug 10)
* TerraIncognita -Creates High-resolution Aerial-photo Garmin Custom Maps (NOV 10)
* TomTom GO TouchScreen Car Navigator Good Performance -by D. DePriest
* USAPhotoMaps -Download Aerial Photo/Topo Images at Selected Waypoints

gps links

2011-01-03T23:10:00.000-08:00

* My First GPS for Hiking: What features does it need? (updated frequently)
* My First GPS for Automobile Navigation -What features does it need?

* Central America Trip with Garmin and Magellan World Maps
* Car Navigator Day and Night Readability: Night and Day Photos (2meg file)
* Columbia River Cruise with a Garmin GPSmap 76Cx and Vista C (JUL09)
* DROID GPS Equipped PDA Phone - Google Maps - by Larry Leviton(JAN 10)
* Eastern Continental Divide in Georgia and related to the Battle of Atlanta (MAR 07)
* Eastern Continental Divide in North Carolina and the Blue Ridge Parkway (JUL 10)
* Feature Matrix of Garmin, Lowrance, and Magellan units we have Reviewed
* G-Raster -Free, Converts 24K DRG Maps to KMZ Files for Custom Maps (JUN 10)
* GeoCaching and GeoGraphing: New Hobbies for GPS owners (Links)
* G7ToWin -Edit Your GPS Data -Display on MapSource, SA, and CE Devices
* Garmin 24K ToPo Maps -With Terrain Shading by Penrod (SEP 08)
* Garmin Astro Dog Tracker works very well. by Allory (MAR 08)
* Garmin BaseCamp -New Interface Technology for Selected Hand-helds (DEC 09)
* Garmin Colorado Hand-held has new features, dual maps,Penrod (FEB 08)
* Garmin Dakota Outdoor Hand-held, Smaller Touchscreen, Penrod (AUG 09)
* Garmin ForeRunner 205 Personal Trainer System by Sam Penrod (SEP 06)
* Garmin ForeRunner 305 Personal Trainer System by Jess Grogan(OCT 06)
* Garmin GPS18 GPS Rcvr, for Laptops, has CitySelect maps: by Penrod
* Garmin GPSmap 60C(S)(x) -Car Navigator, Hiking, GPS does all (MAY 06)
* Garmin GPSmap 62s/78sc - Hiking/Marine replace the 60 and 76 series (SEP 10)
* Garmin GPSmap 76C(S)(x) -With the new SiRF-III and microSD card (JUL 06)
* Garmin GPS-376C ChartPlotter/Car Navigator with Weather Rpt-by Harmon
* Garmin GTM-10 Data Radio *RDS* gives real time traffic info to GPS by Joe
* Garmin GA25MCX -The Latest Entry in Low-cost GPS Antennas -by Allory
* Garmin MapSource Map Viewer -Review all of Garmin's Available Maps (Link)
* Garmin Mobile PC, Review -Get nuvi-like Navigation on Pocket-sized PCs
* Garmin nuvi 360 Car Navigator/Bluetooth/Talking Book/MP3 by Sam (AUG 06)
* Garmin nuvi 500 "Crossover" GPS -Also used for Hiking -by Rich Owings (OCT 08)
* Garmin nuvi 660/680 Car Navigator-Bluetooth-FM/MSN, 4.3" Diagonal (JAN 08)

2010-12-29T21:11:00.000-08:00

all cable finder

2010-12-29T20:47:00.000-08:00

NATIONAL TAILORING COLLEGE.

2010-12-27T20:11:00.000-08:00

NATIONAL TAILORING COLLEGE.

PAKISTAN VOCATIONAL COLLEGE.

2010-12-27T20:08:00.000-08:00

THIS IS PVTC.

Amazing Carbide Cutting Wheel

2010-12-22T21:51:00.000-08:00

Creating a Derby Car with a Dremel Rotary Tool

2010-12-22T21:48:00.000-08:00

Re-Slotting a Screw with a Dremel Rotary Tool

2010-12-22T21:46:00.000-08:00

Removing Window Glaze with a Dremel Rotary Tool

2010-12-22T21:42:00.000-08:00

H WINDOW DRY GAZLING

2010-12-22T21:39:00.000-08:00

wood hardware

2010-12-22T21:35:00.000-08:00

assumble the computer

2010-12-22T03:23:00.000-08:00

3 moniotors display

2010-12-22T03:21:00.000-08:00

Its dual screen monitor

2010-12-22T03:18:00.000-08:00

its hardware clip

2010-12-22T03:14:00.000-08:00

you must see it my dears

computer hardware

2010-12-22T03:08:00.000-08:00

tailoring hardware

2010-12-21T03:27:00.000-08:00

its really worthy my dear

this is amazing

2010-12-11T00:42:00.001-08:00

for exercise

2010-12-11T00:37:00.000-08:00

is this new Processor

2010-12-11T00:36:00.001-08:00

new technology in 3D

2010-12-11T00:32:00.000-08:00

this is earning world

2010-12-01T08:33:00.000-08:00

really worthy hardware tools

2010-12-01T08:27:00.001-08:00

these are really worthy hardware in the world which are really suitable for all type of professions.